RON-SC笔记自用-which modifier & comma+ing & active/passive voice & ambig

shanshancai

1/1)basic ruls of which modifier:
a which modifer can modify:
*the noun that immediately precedes the comma
*the noun+prep phase that immediately precedes the comma
e.g E.D' letters to S.H.D, which were written...

2)how not to use which modifier
* which should not modify the whole clause
* which should not modify NOUN+modifier( except for prep phase)

But only if the prep+phase is modifying the noun.

E.g. the Act of 1988, which ....(this time which can modify the act because the Of 1988 is modifying the act)

       The picture in 1988, which...(this is incorrect because in 1988 is not modifying the picture)

*BTW make sure that the  grammar should allow what which is modifying

E.g the pictures of dog, which are...( in this case, of dog is modifying pictures so which can modify pictures, and which are(plural) makes sense.

3) the use of which and commas:
*which by itself must follow a comma
*prep+which may not follow a comma
on the table is a box, which contains all my paperwork.
on the table is a box in which contains all my paperwork.
on the table is a box, in which contains all my paperwork.
on the table is a box which contains all my paperwork.
on the table is a box that contains all my paperwork.





2/comma+ing should modify the preceding clause
* my cousin took extra classes every semester in college, graduating in three years
*my cousin ate froze food, graduating in three years

Time frame: ing-modifier’s time frame is attached to what it modifies

E.g. paper writing two years ago was great

       Paper writing now needs to be revised.

3/ active/passive voice(no preference for active)
*active= subj is the agent /doer of the action
*passive= subj is the recipient of the action


1)how do we decide active vs. passive (using the meaning of the sentence)
when the time in u.s. move forward by an hour, the official time in Uruguay moves back by an hour.(time cannot move by itself)
when the time in u.s. is moved  forward by an hour, the official time in Uruguay is moved back by an hour.( time is moved by someone)


using a Geiger counter, radioactive emissions from an object can be detected.(modifying error, radioactive emission is using the counter?)
using a Geiger counter, scientists can detect radioactive emissions from an object. (scientist is using the counter)

4/ amiguous pronoun
pronoun ambiguity is not necessarily an error.


so what should i do with ambiguous pronoun----ingore it
all that matters with most pronouns:
*does the pronoun have a noun to stand for
*does it match that noun in terms of singular/ plural
e.g. as any star of similiar mass would , once the hydrogen in the sun's core is exhausted it will expand into a red giant...(it should refer to sun, but the sun is not there)


the only time when you should pay attention to pronoun ambiguity is when the pronoun is replaced with an actual noun is other answer choices
in that case, you should eliminate the ambiguous pronouns(名词优先于代词）


5/ like must be followed by a noun
    as should be followed either by a clause or by a perp phase


6/The use of and

And should connect two independent sentence

E.g there is a traffic jam, and i am late to work( means i am late not because of the traffic)

How to fix: modifier/ other connections

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