RON-CR笔记自用1-assumption & S/W & evaluate

shanshancai

2010-03-04 assumption& S/W & evaluate question

1\what is assumption?-----

an assumption is a statement that is :
*not explicitly stated in the passage
*necessary for the argument to be valid

e.g.:          james has a low ratio of type II to type I muscle fibers. therefore, james cannot be an olympic sprinter.
which one is assumption: 1)olympic sprinters require a ratio of type II: type I muscle fibers that is not low.
                                     2)athletes require a ratio of type II: type I muscle fibers that is not low.(this one is good for S/W question, but not assumption;)



2\tips for assumption
*we need something has to be true
*when looking for assumption type, a weaker/more moderate statement is generally better( while when looking for S/W type, more extreme statements are good)
*reversal method:claim the opposite is true, and if the argument fails, then it is the correct answer( good for evaluate the choices, you can eliminate choices first)
*when we find the assumptions, we need to stay within the scope of the argument.



3\try one!
     A famous singer recently won a lawsuit against an advertising firm for using another singer in a commercial to evoke the famous singer’s well-known rendition of a certain song。As a result of the lawsuit，advertising firms will stop using imitators in commercials.Therefore，advertising costs will rise，since famous singers’ services cost more than those of their imitators.

　　The conclusion above is based on which of the following assumptions?

　　(A) Most people are unable to distinguish a famous singer’s rendition of a song from a good imitator’s rendition of the same song.

　　(B) Commercials using famous singers are usually more effective than commercials using imitators of famous singers.

　　(C) The original versions of some well.known songs are unavailable for use in commercials.

　　(D) Advertising firms will continue to use imitators to mimic the physical mannerisms of famous singers.

　　(E) The advertising industry will use well-known renditions of songs in commercials.

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issue of the argument: suppose i am the advising firm, will i spend more on advising cost?

　　(A) Most people are unable to distinguish a famous singer’s rendition of a song from a good imitator’s rendition of the same song. i don't care whether people can distinguish the song;we care about the services cost, out of scope.(tip 3)

　　(B) Commercials using famous singers are usually more effective than commercials using imitators of famous singers. i don't care the effectiveness, but the cost of the services, still out of scope(tip3)

　　(C) The original versions of some well known songs are unavailable for use in commercials. if the ori-versions are unavailable, then i will not be able to buy these, cost will not rise,going to the wrong way.

　　(D) Advertising firms will continue to use imitators to mimic the physical mannerisms of famous singers. this is contrary to what the argument says:advertising firms will stop using imitators in commercials.

　　(E) The advertising industry will use well-known renditions of songs in commercials. using the reversal method: i will not use WK reditions, i don't need to pay for that, cost will not rise---argument fails----correct

S/W question:

1\some tips about S/W

*the correct answer must, at least somewhat,venture outside the scope of the immediate argument (introduce something new)

*assume the choice is true and see what sort of effect it has on the argument

*try to simplify the argument: premise and conclusion(what is the issue of the argument?)

2\try one

Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in AD 365.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the archaeologists' hypothesis?

A. Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following AD 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion.

B. No coins minted after AD 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance.

C. Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in AD 365.

D. Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between AD 300 and 400 were found in Kourion.


E. Stone inscriptions in a form of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after AD 365 were found in Kourion.








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A. Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following AD 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion. this is going to the wrong way

B. No coins minted after AD 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance. if this is ture ,then the coins stopped at year 365----evidence that something cataclysmic happened in year 365, strengthen.

C. Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in AD 365. this is saying that there was an earthquake in year 365, but this is mention in the argument, i need something new.

D. Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between AD 300 and 400 were found in Kourion. same with A


E. Stone inscriptions in a form of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after AD 365 were found in Kourion. same with A







evaluate question
1\this is the same with S/W questions type, so the tips are the same.

2\try one

Capuchin monkeys in Venezuela often rub a certain type of millipede into their fur. Secretions of these millipedes have been shown to contain two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate the capuchins. The rubbing behavior is rare except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak. Therefore, the monkeys probably rub the millipedes into their fur because doing so helps protect them against mosquitoes.

Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?

• A Whether the two chemicals provide any protection for the millipedes against their own predators
• B
  
  Whether the type of millipede used by the capuchin monkeys in Venezuela is found in other parts of the world
• C
  
  Whether animals other than capuchins rub insects of any kind into their fur
• D
  
  Whether the only time the millipedes are readily available to the capuchins is during the rainy season
• E hether secretions of any other insects accessible to the capuchins contain chemicals that repel mosquitoes
  

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the issue is monkeys rub millipedes in rainy season, there are lots of mosquitoes in rainy season-----so protecting against mosquitoes is the reason why rubbing millipedes
(事件A，B同时发生， A就是B的原因， 不严谨，未排除他因）

A Whether the two chemicals provide any protection for the millipedes against their own predators we don't care millipede' predators  but why the monkey rub it

B

Whether the type of millipede used by the capuchin monkeys in Venezuela is found in other parts of the world we don't care where the millipede is living but why the monkey rub it

C

Whether animals other than capuchins rub insects of any kind into their fur we don't care animals other than C monkeys , we care why C monkeys rub the millipedes

D

Whether the only time the millipedes are readily available to the capuchins is during the rainy season this is other reason why the monkeys rub the millipedes!

E whether secretions of any other insects accessible to the capuchins contain chemicals that repel mosquitoes
we don't care other insect, we care whay the monkey rub milipedes