LEO语法知识点笔记整理

Leo19910203

第35章 助动词be的用法

本节知识点的概要

1.1助动词be的作用

1.2助动词be的具体用法

2.含有助动词be的长难句分析

1.助动词be的用法

在日常的英语使用中，我们经常使用到be (am/is/are/was/were)，be有两种用法，分别是系动词和助动词，系动词可以独立充当谓语动词，但是助动词必须和其他动词成分在一起才能构成谓语。

1.1助动词be的作用

1）辅助其他动作成分一起构成谓语

2）表达被动

3）表达时态

1.2助动词be的具体用法

1）be + v-ing(现在分词)，构成进行时态

e.g.They are having a meeting.　

      We were planting trees this time yesterday.

2）be + v-ed(过去分词)，构成被动语态

e.g.The window was broken by Tom.

      English is taught throughout the world.

3）be + to do(动词不定式)

a. 打算、决定、计划、安排

e.g.He is to go to New York next week.

      We are to teach the freshpersons.

b. 表示命令

e.g.You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow.

      He is to come to the office this afternoon.

c.征求意见

e.g.How am I to answer him?　

      Who is to go there?　

d. 表示相约、商定

e.g.We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.

e.假设，用于虚拟条件句中

e.g.If it were to rain, we would get wet.

2.含有助动词be的长难句分析

• In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——even while building materials have changed dramatically.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Architecture employs methods.

       ==为了使结构达到满足其目的所需的尺寸和强度，建筑学采用了支撑方法，由于这些方法是基于物

       理规律，因此自人们首次发现以来几乎没有发生变化——即使建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化。

• Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是It had one great disadvantage ：streams flowed.

       ==只有最后一种完全适用于机器的连续操作，尽管兰开夏郡和苏格兰的水力资源丰富，并有谷物磨

       坊和纺织厂，它有一个很大的缺点:溪流流向大自然想要它们去的地方，而以水为动力的工厂不得不

       建在河岸上，无论这个位置是否出于其他原因而可取。

• At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The animals were assigned but most paleontologists now agree

       that SVO.

       ==有一段时间，这些化石床中的动物被划分为不同的现代动物群，但大多数古生物学家现在都同

       意，所有的托莫提亚人化石都代表了独特的身体形式，它们出现在寒武纪早期，并在该时期结束前

       消失，在现代动物群体中没有留下后代。

Leo19910203

第36章 have的用法

本节知识点的概要

1.have的用法

1.1have的作用

1.2have的具体用法

2.含有have的长难句分析

1.have的用法

我们在使用英语的过程中，经常用have done表示现在完成时的时态，它除了被用做时态的表达，还有其他的用法。

1.1have的作用

1）能够充当谓语动词

2）是助动词，和过去分词一起构成谓语动词：have/had done，表达时态

3）也能做名词

1.2have的具体用法

1）v.（动词）

a.表示“有”

e.g.I have a vehement hatred of people who are cruel to animals.

      Do you have time to finish the work today?

b.后面接病痛，表示“生了......病”

e.g.Emily has a cough.

       I've got a cold.

c.后面接具有动作意义的名词，表示“做”

e.g.We had a short walk after dinner.

       I'd like to have a try.

d.表示“吃，喝”

e.g.Can I have a drink of water?

      When are we having dinner?

2）助动词

e.g.I haven't visited New York before.（助动词have和过去分词visited一起构成谓语动词，表达现在完成时）

e.g.They still hadn't had any news when I spoke to them .（助动词had和过去分词had一起构成谓语动词，表达过去完成式）

3）n.（名词）经常后面加-s，haves 表示“富人，拥有者”

e.g.The gap between the haves and the have-nots is widening.

2.含有have的长难句分析

• For example, the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality, and this do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The tests do not compensate and this do not tell how SVO.

       ==例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不平等，也不能说明如果一个贫困的年轻人在更有利的

       环境下成长，他会有多大的能力。

• For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion — except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Some have blamed dinosaur extinction and could have

       caused constipation.

       ==例如，一些人将恐龙灭绝归咎于开花植物的发展，据推测，开花植物更难消化，可能会导致便

       秘或消化不良——不过，开花植物最早进化于白垩纪早期，大约在恐龙灭绝前的6000万年。

• Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Scientists have no direct evidence but some of them may still be

       at least intermittently active.

       ==科学家没有直接证据表明最近或正在喷发，但如果这些火山最近在1亿年前还在活动（根据其

       斜坡上的撞击坑的程度估计最后一次喷发的时间），其中一些火山可能至少还在间歇性地活动。