LEO语法知识点笔记整理

Leo19910203

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Leo19910203

第29章 No的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.No的用法
1.1No的特点及作用
1.2No的具体用法
1.3No与Not的区别
2.No的长难句分析

1.No的用法
我们通常用no来表示否定，有时用来否定名词，有时否定动作，用法繁多。
1.1No的特点及作用
1）表示否定
2）两种词性
1.2No的具体用法
1）形容词(adj.)
a.        表示“一个或一点…也没有”
e.g.        He has no children. / There is no hope.
b.修饰名词时，不能同时使用冠词、指示代词、物主代词以及 any, some, every 等不定代词，但可与数字或other连用
e.g.        No two men think alike. / No other man could do it.
c.用于系动词之后，加强语气
e.g.The girl was no beauty. / He is no friend of mine.
d.固定结构、或用于警告、命令等标识
e.g.No pains, no gains. / No smoking!
2）副词(adv.)
a.用在回答问题的场合，表示“不”
e.g.No, I won't go to the casino.
b.用在比较级之前，表示“并不”
e.g.The weather today is no better than it was yesterday.
1.3No与Not的区别
a.no是形容词，放在可修饰的名词之前。假如名词前已有the, a(n), any, much, enough等词，则用副词not
e.g.        I have no money.
            I have not much money.
b.        在形容词或副词的比较级当中：用not属于一般比较结构，意为“比不上”或“不如”；用no则情况比较特殊，一般说来“no+形容词或副词比较级+than”所表示的意思是该形容词或副词的相反含义
e.g.        John is not better than Tom. 约翰不如汤姆好。
           John is no better than Tom.         约翰和汤姆一样不好
c.在某些系表结构中，用not只表示一般的否定，用no则语气较强，可译为“决不是”
e.g.        He's not a poet. 他不是诗人
            He's no poet. 他决不是诗人
2.No的长难句分析
However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely and mammals began to flourish.
       ==然而，任何群体或物种都不能无限期地维持其统治地位，当2亿多年后，恐龙时代在大约6500万
       年前戏剧性地结束时，哺乳动物开始繁盛起来，从相对较少的几种小型陆生动物进化成包括我们今
       天所知的蝙蝠和鲸鱼在内的无数不同物种。
“No,I won't ride with servicemen- ,”said my casually seditious father, as he slowed down and peered at a soldier and then resumed his full cruising speed,while I patriotically offended watched the stunned defender of my freedoms kicking at his duffle bag and getting smaller and smaller as planet Pontiac continued its fuming orbit.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是No,I won't ride with servicemen- ,”said my casually seditious father.
       ==没有，我不会和军人一起坐车的。我的父亲漫不经心地说道，他放慢了速度，盯着一名士兵，然
       后恢复了他的全速巡航，而我则充满爱国精神地进行了冒犯。他看着我的自由的捍卫者在震惊地踢
       着他的行李袋，随着庞蒂亚克行星继续其冒烟的轨道而变得越来越小。
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.
       ==句子的结构分析，句子由多个主句构成。
       ==科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间没有明确的区别:任何规则都有例外。然而，业余一词确
      实意味着有关人员没有充分融入科学界，尤其是可能没有分享其价值观。

Leo19910203

第30章 各种建议的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.各种"建议"的用法
1.1"建议"的分类
1.2"建议"的具体用法
2."建议"的长难句分析

1.各种"建议"的用法
在英语的表达中，我们时常会用到"建议"，比如建议别人应该做某事的方法，或者带有命令口吻的建议别人执行任务等。
1.1"建议"的分类
1）suggest，recommend，demand
2）advise，urge，propose
注：根据它们后面的结构来分类
1.2"建议"的具体用法
1）suggest，recommend，demand 的后面可接that引导的名词性从句，从句里的谓语动词必须用原形，should可以省略。(这三个词都不能接to do)
e.g.I suggest/recommend/demand that they should start learning English now.
      Everybody suggest/recommend/demand that she should continue with her education for
      3 more years.
      It is strongly suggest/recommend/demand that the machines should be checked every year.
      I suggest/recommend/demand that you avoid processed foods whenever possible.
2）advise，urge，propose可接to do（这三个词有时也能接that引导的名词性从句）
e.g.Police are advising/urging/proposing people to stay at home.
      They advise that a passport be carried with you at all times.
      He proposed to buy and run a farm.
      The committee proposed that new legislation should be drafted.
2."建议"的长难句分析
In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill.
       ==英国大法官欧文勋爵（Lord Irvine）将提出一项法案草案，提议向证人支付非法款项，并将严格
       控制在审判开始前对案件的宣传力度，此举将大大收紧对媒体的法律控制。
More than one billion young people risk damaging their hearing though excessive use of smart phones and other audio devices, the UN warned Tuesday, proposing new safety standards for safe volume levels.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The UN warned Tuesday.
       ==联合国周二警告称，超过10亿年轻人可能因过度使用智能手机和其他音频设备而损害听力，并提
       出了新的安全音量标准。
Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The best sign comes from the high-tech industry itself.
       ==也许，计算机和互联网的使用如何推动纸张需求的最好迹象来自高科技行业本身，该行业将印刷
       视为最有前途的新市场之一。

Leo19910203

第31章 虚拟语气和if条件句的区别

本节知识点的概要
1.虚拟语气和if条件句的区别
1.1虚拟语气的用法
1.2if条件句的用法
2.虚拟语气和if条件句的长难句分析

1.虚拟语气和if条件句的区别
因为在日常的英语使用中，虚拟语气和条件状语从句多为if来引导，所以很多人混淆了哪个是假设的条件，哪个不存在假设。
1.1虚拟语气的用法
关于虚拟语气，它是对三种时态进行的虚拟假设，分别是过去、现在和将来。
1）对过去的动作发生的虚拟
E.g. If I had worked harder, I might have passed the exam.
     （如果我之前努力学习，我肯定已经通过考试了。）
       [ 实际情况是：我之前没好好学习，因此没有通过考试 ]
2）对现在的动作发生的虚拟
E.g. If I were you，I would not tell him the truth.
          (我要是你，我就不会告诉他实情。)
          [实际情况是：我不可能是你]
3）对将来的动作发生的虚拟
E.g.If she should come, I would ask her for help.
       (她来的话我就找她帮忙。)
       [实际情况是：她不太可能会来。]
1.2if条件句的用法
除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。
E.g.If you ask him, he will help you.
      （如果你问他，他会帮助你的。）
        [实际情况是：只要问了就会帮忙，这是可实现的]

2.虚拟语气和if条件句的长难句分析
If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是advertising would be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
       ==如果广告的信息仅仅局限于提供信息，这本身即使不是不可能，也是很难做到的，因为即使是一
       个细节，比如衬衫颜色的选择，也具有微妙的说服力，那么广告就会如此乏味，以至于没有人会注
       意到它。
In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there's a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goesunrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是it is popularly believed that SVO.
       ==在关于天赋的神话中，人们普遍认为，如果一个人在某一方面很有天赋，那么他在另一方面一定
       是有缺陷的，知识分子是不切实际的，天才人物太过耀眼，很快就会燃尽，有天赋的人是古怪的，
       他们是身体上的弱者。天才和疯狂之间只有一线之隔，天才是有家族遗传的。有天赋的人很聪明，
       他们不需要特殊帮助，天赋与高智商是一样的，有些种族比其他种族更聪明、更有音乐天赋、更有
       数学天赋，天才得不到认可和回报，逆境使人明智，或者有天赋的人有责任利用它们。
Coke town was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and theashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Coke town was a town of red brick; but it was a town.
      ==科克镇是一个红砖砌成的城镇，或者说，如果烟雾和灰烬允许的话，砖块会是红色的。但就目前
      情况来看，这是一个不自然的红黑相间的城镇，就像野蛮人的花脸。

elaine2018

楼主太强了！

Leo19910203

elaine2018 发表于 2020-8-6 12:32
楼主太强了！

若能对大家能有帮助的话就很开心了

Leo19910203

第32章 不定式的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.不定式的用法
1.1不定式的定义和作用
1.2不定式的具体用法
2.含有不定式的长难句分析

1.不定式的用法
我们经常见到很多动词的后面接to do(不定式)，有时也见到to do放在句首的用法，足以说明不定式to do的用法繁多。
1.1不定式的定义和作用
1）不定式to do是非谓语动词之一，它的出现是因为在一句话中想表达多个动作，又因为一个句子里只能有一个谓语动词，故而to do起到了辅助整句话表达动作的作用。
2）不定式to do可以表达动作，但不能充当谓语动词。
1.2不定式的具体用法
1）作宾补
e.g.Father will not allow us to play on the street.  
      We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
2）作表语
e.g.My work is to clean the room every day.
      His dream is to be a doctor.
3）作定语
e.g.I have a lot of work to do.　
      So he made some candles to give light.
4）a.作目的状语
e.g.He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
      I come here only to say good-bye to you.　
      b.作结果状语
e.g.What have I said to make you angry.
      He searched the room only to find nothing.
5）省略to的不定式
a.感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find的后面可省略to
e.g.I saw him dance.
b.使役动词 let, have, make后面可省略to
e.g.The boss made them work the whole night.
2.含有不定式的长难句分析
In a systematic attempt to obtain a detailed account of the qualifications and activities of the clergy he ordered several unpopular inquiries. This, and the good archbishop's impressively prominent nose, might be thought more than enough for his peers to have nicknamed him 'nosy Parker'.
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是He ordered several unpopular inquiries.和This might be thought.
       ==为了系统地了解神职人员的资格和活动的详细情况，他下令进行了几次不受欢迎的调查。这
        一点，再加上这位善良的大主教那令人印象深刻的突出鼻子，可能足以让他的同行们给他起个绰
        号叫爱管闲事的帕克。
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is partof Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是McNutt said SVO.
       ==在被问及是否有任何特定的文件推动了这一变化时，麦克纳特说:创建'统计委员会'的动机是广泛
       关注科学研究中统计和数据分析的应用，这是科学在研究中提高可重复性的整体动力的一部分。
The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是The railroad industry does not earn enough.
       ==作为一个整体，尽管铁路行业前景光明，但其收入仍不足以支付为满足激增的交通流量而必须
       投入的资金成本。
After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority.
      ==经过六个月的争论和最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成为世界上第一个允许医
      生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。

Graceyao

感谢分享！               

Leo19910203

第33章 平级比较的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.平级比较的用法
1.1平级比较的定义和作用
1.2平级比较的具体用法
2.含有平级比较的长难句分析

1.平级比较的用法
as...as经常被用来表示平级比较，表达“......和......是一样的”，比如A和B的头发一样长，这就是平级比较。
1.1平级比较的定义和作用
1）as+adj.(形容词原级)/adv.(副词原级)+as
2）平级比较
3）使句意更形象化
1.2平级比较的具体用法
1）as+adj.(形容词原级)/adv.(副词原级)+as
e.g.Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.
      This film is as interesting as that one.
2）当as… as 中间有名词时的结构：as +形容词+ a +单数名词
e.g.This is as good an example as the other is.
3）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as替换as...as
e.g. He cannot run so/as fast as you.
4）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
e.g. This room is twice as big as that one.
       Your room is the same size as mine.  
5）倍数+ as + adj. + as
e.g. This bridge is three times as long as that one.
        Your room is twice as large as mine.
2.含有平级比较的长难句分析
That's despite the fact that we probably spend as much time thinking about the future as we do thinking about the present.
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是That's despite the fact.
        ==尽管我们思考未来的时间可能和思考现在的时间一样多。
It would need to be assessed as to whether the impact of the errors on communication is impeding more than 'rarely' as at a band 6 and whether a wider range is demonstrated in the remaining parts.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是It would need to be assessed.
       ==需要评估的是，错误对通信的影响是否比6级很少更严重，其余部分是否显示出更大的范围。
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是Nor is managemen.
        ==也不，如果科学家对标准模式的规律性和一致性的要求，就像他的论文写作所反映的那样，那
        么管理层是否应该因为歧视研究人员中的怪人，而偏爱与团队合作愉快的传统思想家而受到指责呢？

Leo19910203

第34章 现在分词的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.现在分词的用法
1.1现在分词的定义和作用
1.2现在分词的具体用法
2.含有现在分词的长难句分析

1.现在分词的用法
现在分词在英语的语法中，它是非谓语之一，也就是说它具有表达动作的含义，除此之外，现在分词还有其他的用法。
1.1现在分词的定义和作用
1）非谓语之一，可以表达动作，但无法充当谓语成分
2）可以作定语
3）可以作状语
1.2现在分词的具体用法
1）作定语
e.g.We can see the rising sun.修饰sun
      There was a girl sitting there.修饰girl
      The man standing by the window is our teacher.修饰man
2）作状语
a.表示伴随
e.g.The little boy went upstairs trailing his teddy bear behind him.和went同时发生
      He has been courting the director, hoping to get the leading role in the play.和has been courting同时发生
b.表示结果
e.g.The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.是fell导致striking的发生
      An Act was passed, giving the army extraordinary powers.是passed导致giving的发生
2.含有现在分词的长难句分析
As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是the past holds the key.
       ==正如经常发生的那样，过去是未来的关键:我们现在已经确定了塑造地球和人类历史的长期模
       式，足以对我们的后代将面临的情况做出循证预测。
The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to stimulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor.
       ==这个所谓的学生实际上是米尔格拉姆雇佣的演员，通过发出一系列的呻吟、尖叫和扭动，以及谴
       责实验者和实验者的声明和咒骂，来刺激接受电击。
The modern workplace is undergoing great changes caused primarily by the information processing ability of high-powered computers and advanced software.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The modern workplace is undergoing great changes.
       ==现代工作场所正在发生巨大的变化，这主要是由高性能计算机和先进软件的信息处理能力引起的。