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The Norm of Reciprocity in Western History
第一段: 亚当斯密和另外两个人提出了自由市场经济理论,也遭到很多人的反对~然后说这个自由市场经济理论最重要的的就是"norm of reciprocal"(应该是这么拼的,但是看不懂那个reciprocal,郁闷死了)
第二段 就讲这个norm of reciprocal不仅仅是***(好像是说不仅仅是支撑着自由市场经济理论) 而且还是人类natural的什么什么。然后还讲了亚当斯密的invisble hand~
记得第一题是说: 下面关于自由市场经济理论那个是对的? 我选啥给忘了
Beginning with Thomas Hobbes's observations that individuals give up part of their autonomy in return for protection, the notion in political philosophy of a norm of reciprocity as a fundamental principle in human society entered into these speculations to justify the rise of a free-market economy without state interventions. John Locke's seventeenth-century view of private property set out in the second treatise and, in the next century, Adam Smith's notion of the "invisible hand" that keeps the market secure from external controls, are only two among many philosophical theories of the times in which the norm of reciprocity was fundamental to how the market could operate autonomously.
Reciprocity was elevated to a moving force in these discussions. If reciprocity was natural to economic endeavors, then the give and take of market interests eventually would balance out, regardless of individual greed or misappropriation. The Scots economist, Sir James Steuart, who predated Durkheim by more than a century, proclaimed that the economic ties that linked people through the division of labor as producers of different commodities were the "cement binding society together." If any adjustments were needed, a "statesman" would only have to create "reciprocal wants" by "gently" loading the opposite scale. Reciprocity continued to hold this privileged place because it remained the key to the market's stability which, at best, needed only slight encouragement. Adam Smith sustained the most powerful argument for the absence of external intervention precisely because Smith believed, even more than Steuart, that the reciprocal give and take of the marketplace would accommodate its own adjustments without need for even gentle control. His philosophy was that when people enter into reciprocal exchange they become better people.
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