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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Sanctioning Systems, Decision Frames, and Cooperation
Ann E. Tenbrunsel and David M. Messick
Administrative Science Quarterly
Vol. 44, No. 4 (Dec., 1999), pp. 684-707
Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. on behalf of the Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University
Abstract
Three studies are used to examine how surveillance and sanctioning systems affect cooperative behavior in dilemma situations. The first two studies demonstrate that a weak sanctioning system results in less cooperation than no sanctioning system; furthermore, results from the second study suggest that sanctions affect the type of decision people perceive they are making, prompting them to see it as a business rather than an ethical decision. The results from these studies are used to develop a theoretical model that postulates that the relationship between sanctions and cooperation is due to both a signaling effect, in which sanctions influence the type of decision that is perceived to be made, and a processing effect, in which the decision processing, including whether or not the strength of the sanction is considered, depends on the decision frame evoked. A third study provides support for the processing-effect hypothesis.
关于sanctioning system对于一个公司来说的利弊的。文章不长，3段。说有学者觉得sanctioning system对公司有利。但有两位哥们T和M什么的，觉得这个制度不好，然后就在下面两段展开说了如何不好：一是该制度会影响员工的cooperative什么的，一是会影响员工的decision making frame（然后又和ethics什么的扯到一起了）。 因为没有时间了，所以这篇阅读就大概扫了一眼就开始做题了。
1分钟“扫”的：
大概是讲在公司里安装摄像头对员工团结合作的影响，根据名字判断其中几个研究的人都是日本人。
好像最后一段说的安装摄像头其实对员工不好。 还是管理类：企业实行奖惩制度(sanction)的利弊。讨论这种奖惩制度是否会使企业更好，使员工的ethic更好。作者讨论说不尽然，员工可能以前会做出的一些利于公司的决定，现在因为实行严格的制度而不会做了。然后员工的道德也不见得更好，也可能作出膝深公司利益满足自己的事情。而且之间的合作精神也没有了。（里面在开头段落为了说明这种正在企业中流行的奖惩制度而引用了Total Quality Control, TQC, 提问在文中提到这个词是做什么用）。
The use of surveillance and sanctioning systems to monitor and motivate employees is almost commonplace. It is estimated that over 60 percent of companies use surveillance and monitoring procedures, including taping phone calls, perusing e-mail messages, and relying on spy cameras (Selnow and Gilbert, 1997). Many managerial trends have contributed to the increasing importance of such systems in organizations. Concepts such as just-in-time inventory and total quality control, which rely heavily on monitoring performance relative to a benchmark standard, have been argued to create a demand for systems of surveillance (Sewell and Wilkinson, 1992). Surveillance and sanctioning systems have also been seen as critical in promoting ethics in organizations, since it has been argued, the “failure to seriously monitor, measure and reward (punish) the performance of individuals on the ethical plane will leave codes of conduct operating in a vacuum, of little use in actually promoting ethical behavior” (Lindsay, Irvine, and Lindsay, 1996: 403).
Hypothesis 1: When a sanctioning system is present, but likely to be ineffective because of low detection probabilities and/or small penalties, the system may actually decrease cooperation as compared with a situation in which a sanctioning system is not present. This is a counterintuitive hypothesis in that it proposes that adding penalties for defection in a social dilemma, albeit small, may actually decrease the rate of cooperation.
{版本1}一个monitor系统的，传统观点都说这个系统好。第二段：是一个人说不好，这个人好像叫什么Yomokashi什么的，多半是日本猪，然后有两个人，不对，是日本猪又做了测试，得出结论说这个系统容易让员工产生不道德的行为云云。（出现5次包括这3个版本）
Yamagishi's (1986, 1988, 1992) discussions on the indirect effect of sanctions, Messick’s (1999a) framework on the connotative effect of decision frames in dependent variable "clusters,” and discussions on the relationship between sanctioning systems and trust (Strickland, 1958; Kruglanski, 1970; Kipnis, 1972; Cialdini, 1996) all suggest that sanctioning systems should affect not only cooperative behavior but also expectations of others’ cooperative behavior. This research would predict a negative relationship between weak sanctions and expectations, either because of the positive association between behavior and expectations, such that decreased expectations would be associated with decreased cooperative behavior, or because of a direct negative effect of sanctions on beliefs about others. Thus, decreased expectations of others’ cooperation should also be prevalent in situations in which sanctions are weak.
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发表于 2018-9-2 13:30:08
