【阅读】08/10起月度寂静整理（08/17更新，39篇原始，34篇考古）

billyisfragile!

JOURNAL ARTICLE
How Ecosystems Respond to Stress: Common properties of arid and aquatic systemsDavid J. Rapport and Walter G. Whitford
BioScience
Vol. 49, No. 3 (March 1999), pp. 193-203
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/bisi.1999.49.3.193
Page Count: 11

https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-pdf/49/3/193/19403133/49-3-193.pdf

自然因素对自然生态的影响是暂时的，而人类的影响是长期的
  然后举了草原的例子，人们的过度cattle是草原上本来长的一种草被破坏，一种shrub入侵，因为有extensive roots跟native grass抢水资源，导致进一步恶化。哪怕人们后来人工控制shrub，也只是暂时的。后面又说哪怕人们用另一种草去种，草原也不可能恢复到原来的样子了，因为本来长得草回不来了（这里有题，问为什么说这个

In the desert grasslands of North  America, well-drilling and earth- moving equipment were among the  earliest sources of human intervention because many of the larger desert grassland basins were devoid of perennial surface water and could not be  used for livestock production until  deep wells were dug to supply water  for livestock. In addition, water storage tanks were dug in ephemeral  lake basins, and dams were constructed on lower reaches of ephemeral streams to provide reliable  sources of water for cattle. Livestock  watering points were separated by as  little as 2-3 km. These watering  points still serve as foci for cattle,  especially during the hot summer  months. The concentration of livestock at wells and watering points  created concentric areas of high trampling disturbance, which diminished in intensity with increasing distance  from the well.

Physical restructuring also occurred as three or more species of  shrubs and small trees expanded from  their original, limited habitat and cover to dominate extensive areas of  the desert grassland (Hastings and  Turner 1965, Bahre and Shelton 1993). Shrub establishment contributes directly to changes in landscape hydrology (Martinez-Meza and Whitford 1996). Shrubs also contribute to the demise of grasses through their effects on rainfall distribution and by  competition for soil water through their spatially extensive root systems.

补充问题：问题1：为什么会发生initial invasion。我选的是，因为以前的土地unvegetated；

This lack of recovery of North  American desert grasslands suggests  that a self-reinforcing process comes  into play as a consequence of the  initial invasion of the shrubs (Roundy and Biedenbender 1995). With invasion, "resource islands" are created  underneath the shrubs, as discussed  previously, that create conditions for  further desertification by denying  nutrients to areas outside the shrub  canopy. This effect leads in turn to  bare patches that foster further erosion by wind and water. The shrublands are also well adapted to natural perturbations, further reinforcing  their existence. In experiments in  which creosote bushes were subjected  to complete elimination of summer  rainfall for 5 consecutive years, the  drought-stressed plants not only recovered but produced new growth  equivalent to that of unstressed controls within 1 month after a large rain following the removal of the  "rain-out" shelter cover (Whitford  et al. 1995).

In addition, the original desert grasslands were governed by the integrity of the soils that support black grama grasses. Damage to these soils  (compaction and exposure), largely  as a result of overgrazing, opened up  unvegetated spaces, which were more  vulnerable to wind and soil erosion,  providing space for invading shrubs. Soil erosion now appears to have led  to a positive feedback system that  maintains desertification (Grover and  Musick 1990).

chenyaojia

求考古！！
又想起来一篇，是讲一个什么城市 虽然不是商业大城市，但是却是那个国家第一个举办二手书拍卖的城市
然后还讲到了union还是啥的，还有监管
最后一段讲的这个城市原本有的监管，但是针对的是moveable商品的交易
这篇做的不好，记得不全，等考古吧...
题目的话 我只记得 如果最后一段关于监管的分析是true的 那么以下哪个情况会发生，选项我也忘了 但当时好像犹豫了一下的..

billyisfragile!

Early warnings, early worries.
The Economist  (London, England), Saturday, June 18, 1994; pg. 131; Issue 7868.  (3266 words)

Category: Science and technology

People who would not dream of taking drugs that had not been tested will readily take medical tests of no proven value. They may regret the result

THEY are “the worried well", and their ranks are growing. Their faith, and that of their doctors, says it is better to pin down what might ail you in the future than passively await the day you fall ill. Find the potential problem now and deal with it, the thinking goes, and that day of judgment may never come.

It sounds eminently sensible, and has worked in many cases. Screening newborns for sluggish thyroids and phenylketonuria, an inborn chemical error, is but one example. Promptly detected, the effects of these disturbances on the brain can be counteracted. Untreated, they cause mental retardation. Screening has spared millions that fate.

Such examples seem to holdout the promise of a new type of medicine, where specific knowledge about the body allows pre-emptive intervention to forestall disease rather than mitigate or reverse it: medicine without illness. The practice of using diagnostic tools developed to pinpoint the problems of the sickly to screen large populations in apparent good health is spreading quickly. The stream of genetic information flowing from the world‘s laboratories is likely to hasten that spread.

However, the knowledge produced by these tests is not always useful. If screening discloses something wrong with you, you are likely to want something done about it. Yet often no one knows what, if anything, it would be useful to do. Treating pie-diseases is not necessarily easier than treating diseases; nor does it necessarily use the same techniques, Since new screening tests are easier to invent than treatments of demonstrable value, the mismatch between what can be known and what can be done seems likely to go on growing.

As well as sometimes producing information that cannot be acted upon, screening tests also produce false information. Two kinds of error occur: “false negatives", in which the condition being looked for is present, but does not show up in the test; and “false positives", where it is absent but does show up. Highly sensitive tests reduce the number of false negatives; highly specific tests, the number of false positives. When an apparently healthy population is screened for a condition few of them have, false positives will normally be far more of a problem than false negatives. Imagine a condition that affects 5% of the population, and a test for it that has a false-negative rate and a false-positive rate of 1%. lf a million people are screened, 500 of the 50,000 with the condition will not find out about it; 9,500 people without the condition will be told they have it.

如果对于一个人群 hardly have this disease screening interval的次数过多 (还不考虑screening的成本) 那么就会更多产生specific .

Screening enthusiasts tend to dismiss this point, and to push for screening strategies that put sensitivity higher than specificity in their priorities—for example, repeating the screening at more frequent intervals. If the million in the example above were screened again, there would be a sudden profusion of borderline cases—those with one positive and one negative result. Recall that 9,500 people without the condition were falsely told they had it after the first test; 9,405 of them will test negative on the second. But another 9,405 people without the condition. who correctly tested negative first time round, now come up positive in the second test. What about people who do have the condition? Of the 500 who falsely came up negative on the first test, 495 will test positive in the second. But another 495 people with the condition, who correctly tested positive first time round, now test negative. A sorry 95 who did not have the condition would now have tested positive for it twice.

billyisfragile!

https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1290362-1-1.html

https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/a-marketers-guide-to-behavioral-economics
A marketer’s guide to behavioral economics
By Ned Welch

Marketers have been applying behavioral economics—often unknowingly—for years. A more systematic approach can unlock significant value.

P1:商家们怎么让顾客在更轻易地消费他们的产品
所有花钱的行为都是一种lost，会让consumer感觉到“Vxxxxxly（是一个V开头的adj.） unpleasant”
但是有时候consumer做一些决定（decide to buy one product or not）是irrational的 。
商家利用这点，比如说delay payment，就能让他们觉得loss的感觉迟来一些，而让consumer先感觉到拥有的这样东西，随着时间推移，金钱的价值也会满满变少，人们花钱的loss感就不会这么强烈。

Long before behavioral economics had a name, marketers were using it. “Three for the price of two” offers and extended-payment layaway plans became widespread because they worked—not because marketers had run scientific studies showing that people prefer a supposedly free incentive to an equivalent price discount or that people often behave irrationally when thinking about future consequences. Yet despite marketing’s inadvertent leadership in using principles of behavioral economics, few companies use them in a systematic way. In this article, we highlight four practical techniques that should be part of every marketer’s tool kit.

1. Make a product’s cost less painful

In almost every purchasing decision, consumers have the option to do nothing: they can always save their money for another day. That’s why the marketer’s task is not just to beat competitors but also to persuade shoppers to part with their money in the first place. According to economic principle, the pain of payment should be identical for every dollar we spend. In marketing practice, however, many factors influence the way consumers value a dollar and how much pain they feel upon spending it.

Retailers know that allowing consumers to delay payment can dramatically increase their willingness to buy. One reason delayed payments work is perfectly logical: the time value of money makes future payments less costly than immediate ones. But there is a second, less rational basis for this phenomenon. Payments, like all losses, are viscerally unpleasant. But emotions experienced in the present—now—are especially important. Even small delays in payment can soften the immediate sting of parting with your money and remove an important barrier to purchase.

Another way to minimize the pain of payment is to understand the ways “mental accounting” affects decision making. Consumers use different mental accounts for money they obtain from different sources rather than treating every dollar they own equally, as economists believe they do, or should. Commonly observed mental accounts include windfall gains, pocket money, income, and savings. Windfall gains and pocket money are usually the easiest for consumers to spend. Income is less easy to relinquish, and savings the most difficult of all.

Technology creates new frontiers for harnessing mental accounting to benefit both consumers and marketers. A credit card marketer, for instance, could offer a Web-based or mobile-device application that gives consumers real-time feedback on spending against predefined budget and revenue categories—green, say, for below budget, red for above budget, and so on. The budget-conscious consumer is likely to find value in such accounts (although they are not strictly rational) and to concentrate spending on a card that makes use of them. This would not only increase the issuer’s interchange fees and financing income but also improve the issuer’s view of its customers’ overall financial situation. Finally, of course, such an application would make a genuine contribution to these consumers’ desire to live within their means.

2. Harness the power of a default option

The evidence is overwhelming that presenting one option as a default increases the chance it will be chosen. Defaults—what you get if you don’t actively make a choice—work partly by instilling a perception of ownership before any purchase takes place, because the pleasure we derive from gains is less intense than the pain from equivalent losses. When we’re “given” something by default, it becomes more valued than it would have been otherwise—and we are more loath to part with it.

先举例引出，意大利电信，然后讲如何影响，有考题。

P2:应运而生的商家们利用”DEFAULT” 这个手段，
举例，一个电话产品，如果你买会送你100通免费通话，但是你把它说成（reword）“你已经有100 free calls， how will you use it”就让人感觉你一下子得到了这种东西。

Savvy marketers can harness these principles. An Italian telecom company, for example, increased the acceptance rate of an offer made to customers when they called to cancel their service. Originally, a script informed them that they would receive 100 free calls if they kept their plan. The script was reworded to say, “We have already credited your account with 100 calls—how could you use those?” Many customers did not want to give up free talk time they felt they already owned.

Defaults work best when decision makers are too indifferent, confused, or conflicted to consider their options. That principle is particularly relevant in a world that’s increasingly awash with choices—a default eliminates the need to make a decision. The default, however, must also be a good choice for most people. Attempting to mislead customers will ultimately backfire by breeding distrust.

michelle_weiwei

超级赞，谢谢各位的贡献。

billyisfragile!

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11860-ring-of-dark-matter-surrounds-cosmic-collision/

https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=redirect&goto=findpost&ptid=1327048&pid=24238125&fromuid=1333346
15 May 2007
Ring of dark matter surrounds cosmic collision
By David Shiga

A cloud of dark matter has been detected expanding like a smoke ring from a giant collision between galaxy clusters, a team of astronomers says. If confirmed, the ring could offer new clues to the nature of the mysterious matter.

大部分天文学家认为宇宙大部分空间由黑暗物质构成的。黑暗物质虽然不能emit也不能reflect光，但是它的gravitational 啥啥的对宇宙有影响，这就是所谓的microlensing.然后解释它怎么作用的。大概最后就是会改变galaxy 的 configuraton.

Dark matter is an enigmatic material that does not emit, absorb or reflect light. It reveals itself only by the way its gravity influences normal matter around it and seems to outweigh the universe’s normal matter by a factor of six.

Now, astronomers have discovered what looks like a ring of dark matter expanding from a cosmic clash involving two massive galaxy clusters. If confirmed, the ring will help astronomers investigate how dark matter behaves when disturbed, perhaps providing hints to its nature.

Myungkook James Jee of Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, US, led the team of researchers that made the discovery. They detected the ring in Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of a galaxy cluster called Cl 0024+17, which is 5 billion light years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Pisces.

They carefully observed how matter in the cluster bends the paths of light rays coming from distant background galaxies. This ‘gravitational lensing’ effect allowed them to map out the distribution of matter, including dark matter, in the cluster.

Colossal collision
They found a curious ring-like structure around the cluster’s outskirts. The researchers believe the ring is made of dark matter, since there is no concentration of visible matter at the location of the ring. Most of the cluster’s ordinary matter is thought to be in the form of hot gas, which was mapped by the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and is concentrated at the cluster’s core.

Skeptics contend说你那个望远镜的啥啥啥会影响实验结果让你以为那个circle是ring 形的。于是J就和他的助手一起computer simulation, 用什么模拟collision的证明了就是ring形的。

Previous studies have hinted that Cl 0024+17 is not a single galaxy cluster but a pair of clusters that have collided. Simulations show that when such a colossal collision occurs – in this case, it involved almost 200 billion Suns’ worth of matter – the cluster’s dark matter explodes outwards, forming a roughly spherical shell. Watch an animation of the collision and dark matter explosion.

Projected on the sky, such a shell would look like the ring observed in the gravitational lensing study, the researchers say. They estimate that the collision happened sometime between 1 billion and 2 billion years ago.

Modified gravity
Some scientists have previously suggested that modifications to Newton’s law of gravity could account for anomalies cited as evidence for dark matter (see Equinox challenge to Newton’s law). This possibility can be difficult to rule out, because normally dark matter and ordinary matter are so well mixed together that it is difficult to pin down effects due to dark matter alone.

But because the ring in Cl 0024+17 is separate from any concentrations of ordinary matter, it would be difficult to explain without dark matter, the researchers say. “I think it’s the strongest evidence for the existence of dark matter to date,” Jee told New Scientist.

A previous study revealed the separation of dark matter and ordinary matter in the Bullet Cluster of galaxies, but in the case of Cl 0024+17, the separation is even more complete.

Marusa Bradac of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in (SLAC) in Menlo Park, California, US, who co-authored the Bullet Cluster study, says if the dark matter ring is real, it will be an important laboratory for studying the properties of dark matter.

Instrumental effects
That is because the ring’s characteristics, such as its exact shape, depend on the properties of dark matter particles, like whether they bounce off one another when they meet, or just pass right through one another.

“It’s a very exciting result, and if it’s real, its going to give us a ton of information about dark matter,” she told New Scientist.

But she says gravitational lensing effects of the kind used in the study are very subtle and could be confused with slight distortions that can arise in observations because of imperfect instruments.

“I’m not saying that I don’t trust the result, but at this point I would just be slightly sceptical,” she says. She acknowledges, however, that the team “did do a very careful analysis” of the data.

Exotic particles
The team itself initially suspected the ring was some kind of illusion introduced by Hubble’s instruments but could not find any such effects. In any case, Jee says, if the ring were an instrumental effect, it should show up in similar Hubble observations obtained of other galaxy clusters. But those observations show no sign of rings.

He says the mere existence of the ring shows that the dark matter particles do not interact strongly with one another through any force other than gravity. That is true for the most popular candidates for dark matter – exotic subatomic particles with names like axions and neutralinos.

But alternative candidates, such as “mirror matter” – a form of matter that interacts readily with itself through a range of forces – would tend to collide more frequently. “If there is any collisionary interaction between dark matter particles, then it can smear out the very subtle shell-like structure,” Jee says.

Rosejiang

请问screen test那片，感觉原始和考古不是同一片文章把。。

billyisfragile!

JOURNAL ARTICLE
The Secrets of Success: Microinventions and Bookselling in the Seventeenth-Century Netherlands
Laura Cruz
Book History
Vol. 10 (2007), pp. 1-28
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30227397
Page Count: 28

https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=redirect&goto=findpost&ptid=1327065&pid=24238324&fromuid=1333346

RC book auction~就是和 JJ 差不多啦 CITY E 虽然不是 commercial center, 但仍然第一次 book auction(1599)~为什么呢~有人说是因为没有 guild（好像是这个词）--an organizationXXX~ 但是真正的原因是 XX（一个人）得到了政府的支持~在 Hall 进行了 auction~ 直到 1650 CITY E 才有 guild，但是并不说明之前的商业活动时 unregulated~引用了一个人的研究~说之前也有要求，什么 moveable goods~说 book auction 不是这一类的~否则拍卖就不会举办~

The international orientation of Leiden in general had much to do with geography. Unlike Middleburg or Groningen, Leiden was located in the relatively secure province of Holland. It was not far from other printing centers in the republic and enjoyed the advantages of a commercial empire centered in nearby Amsterdam. The city was also in a good position to trade with continental Europe because of its access to an extensive infrastructure of canals and lakes. All of these natural advantages, though, would have not amounted to much if the city had not also made use of an infrastructure that was very conducive to commerce. By the late sixteenth century, the cities of north Holland were well connected by regular barge services, which facilitated freight transport. They were also connected by an extensive postal service that operated between the towns of Holland and Zeeland as well as nearby foreign commercial centers, such as Antwerp. The booksellers were especially able to use the postal connections. The book-sale catalogues were sent by mail to potential customers in the United Provinces, Germany, the Spanish Netherlands, and France. Without these support services, the printing and bookselling industry in Leiden would have gone the way of its counterparts in the other provinces.

Q1: 若是最後的學者說法為真，則該拍賣會如何？
（EL用原本的策略不可能獲得同樣的成功效果）LE = Louis Elsevier

Highlight despite the strong opposition from local government and guild，問說明什麼？
audit office的某些權力是超越了local government.

Leiden was not the only city in Holland with access to this infrastructure, however, so what was the real secret to its success? Bert van Selm suggests that Leiden was the site of the first secondhand book auction because in 1600 it was the only major city in the Netherlands in which the printers and booksellers were not subject to a guild. The absence of the guild, he argues, gave the booksellers enough liberty to develop the practice on their own. This is perhaps oversimplified and misleading. Louis Elsevier originally developed the catalogue sale at The Hague, and he kept a monopoly on such sales there until 1643. Although the local government (and the Sint Lukas guild) opposed his request, he received official permission to hold auctions from the government audit office (rekenkamer) of the province of Holland. He could do this because of a jurisdictional loophole. The Grote Zaal where he intended to hold the auctions was technically the property of the Court of Holland, not the town. The uniqueness of the Leiden auction, the absence of direct interference from local government officials, was more likely the result of the close relationship between booksellers such as Elsevier and powerful government and university officials. The liberty needed to innovate came from shrewd strategies, not from lack of a guild.

On the contrary, the Leiden printer/booksellers guild was integral to their successful microinvention, that is, the exploitation of the commercial possibilities of the book-sale auction. The story of the printer/booksellers' guild in Leiden has three main players-the artisans, the town, and the university. For a time it seemed as if Leiden would never have a printers' guild. In 1610, the vroedschap of Leiden declined a petition on the part of the artists, including printers, to form a Sint Lukas guild, stating that the decision would be delayed until there seemed to be more of a need for local regulation. Their decision may have been justified. In the early seventeenth century, printed material from Leiden was sold primarily in fiercely competitive international markets. Because of the nature of the competition and the lack of involvement in the local economy, it might have been prudent for the magistrates to leave the trade unregulated in order to combat foreign encroachment on their markets. Perhaps this was true for other artistic enterprises as well. The magistrates did not allow the printer/booksellers to officially form a guild until 1652.

This does not mean that they were entirely free of regulation. The auctioning of moveable goods was tightly regulated by the city. Van Selm cites an extensive ordinance from 1600 that covers "Pieces from the inheritance and inventory houses together with the sale of all moveable goods in the city." Some of the stipulations specified in the ordinance did apply directly to book sales. The book auctioneers were required to get consent to hold their sales, to only hold sales at specified times and places, to present catalogues to the magistrates for inspection, and to not sell their own new books at auction. Van Selm argues that other sections of the ordinance did not apply to book sales because it stipulated that the sales had to be performed and administered by a town functionary. Leiden booksellers, unlike the booksellers in any other Dutch city, were permitted to auction the books themselves, with limited interference from the town secretary or beadle (stadsbode).

The organization of the guild was encouraged by changes in the structure of the book industry. After 1611, the number of printer/booksellers in Leiden expanded rapidly, by fifteen or more active workers in an average year, which warranted the creation of greater order among the ranks.

空出来的心情

请问考古的原文在哪里找呢？CD有整理吗～

ziyuenlau

https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1327071-1-1.html

有一篇没见过的很好懂，讲一种动物的骨骼在一个沼泽区域被发现，科学家就在研究它怎么死的，第一段BBIBIBI说了一堆然后说这个东西死的时候这个区域还是池塘，不是它活动的区域，所以肯定是别的原因死的。有个题 问能推测出什么，我选的它水性不好=。=感觉凉了
第二段说是不是会被卡在沼泽里陷进去就死了，然后作者也反驳了说它就是沼泽活动的没那么傻，而且骨头发现的深度远大于这个体型的动物会陷进去的深度。 作者后来推测可能是因为什么地质作用（忘了）导致它死这了之后骨头沉下去什么的。有个题问作者态度，还有个问第二段在全文的作用是什么，我选的给可能出现的第三段做铺垫

https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=redirect&goto=findpost&ptid=1306322&pid=23636271&fromuid=1263523

沼泽中的化石

V1：ID: 617487
大概是说这个化石为啥是离散的，没有在一起神马的

V2：
p1，在某某地方发现了好像是猛犸吧？的化石， 原来这个动物都是在wetland处的， 通过这个发现可以知道 这个地方原来是一个湖或者是池塘吧
p2 其他人认为这个动物mired by swamp, 但是下面说了两个理由说不太可能， 1， 因为他们本来就是在这些地方的， 应该不会那么笨2，好像是说他的腿怎么怎么着

V3：ID: 637227
说在这一代沼泽地（忘了是以前是沼泽还是现在是沼泽）发现了某种动物的遗骸（Mo开头，绝对不是猛犸）。考古学家有两种看法，第一种是这哥们儿被是淹死在这儿的。但是大家觉得这太不靠谱，因为这种动物是能够适应(adapt)沼泽捕食环境的，所以不靠谱。
还有一种说法就是说这哥们儿是后腿(hind leg)陷在了沼泽里，然后慢慢挂掉的（忘了是因为什么了）。但是研究表明，这哥们儿当时连半个腿肚子都没被淹过，怎么可能拔不出来？还有就是，如果是陷进去挂掉的，哥们儿的骨架应该基本是完整的，但是事实表明，哥们儿一半身子是浮在上边儿的，有一部分沉到了下面（好像是这样的）。

V4: 宋小七 (ID: 656884)（680）
问题有一个机经上没有，问如何判断某动物到底是先死再沉下去的，还是沉下去才死的，答案忘记了，好像跟骨骼有关，不难选。

V5：d4153315 (ID: 659735)（V28）
然后是那个找到化石被淹死的不明动物，考到说可以从文章推出什么，主旨题

V6:lisamasutan (ID: 804220)(V35)
第一段先说一种观点，第二段说另外一种观点，作者是倾向于第二种观点的。其中有一个细节题，说的是文章imply了下面选项中的哪一个。我选的是它的骸骨散落得比较分散。其实我80%没看懂文章，但是根据“特殊单词定位法”（俺自创的orz，不科学），选项里的那句话跟原文里出现骸骨这个单词的那句话基本上是同义反复，所以应该没问题

                                                                                 
【考古】已确认
求狗主确认谢谢啦 不好意思这篇考古有点残：
V1 【by: hhhsu27】
就记得其中一篇是说一个M的大动物的死亡的，跟jj里的不一样
P1说，最开始有一些科学家说M大动物的死是怎么样，怎么样。。（真的对不住大家了，我最后一篇，真的没心思看了）算了我还是用英文说吧。。。总之第一段的行文就三句话。
(the first sentence) The recent evidence of the bones of M found in the XXX pit 怎样了。。然后不同于一个另一个pit的。第二句说 before the scientist had found that M 死于什么什么原因，什么什么环境。。。第三句说，but the evidence now indicates that...the M 死于一个什么pond..
第二段，开始转折了，说还有许多科学家争论到这些m死的情况。到底是在pond里淹死的，还是死了以后掉进pond里的。然后很多contend。。说如果是掉进pond里死的话，这些骨头就应该藏的更深，然后骨质就应该更酥松什么的。。。
结构绝对就是这样的。而且第一段就卅句话。。因为有题问你文章的第2句的作用是什么。答案是：提供了一种关于m死亡的说法，但被第三句反驳掉了。。。其他的我不记得了。。。。
　　
V2 【by: xuhao7208721】
　　
遇到一篇新的，第一段讲通过M动物的残骸发现了什么，然后一个however。然后就是第二段，有两个研究发现，证明however之后的观点（好像和他们的栖息地有水没水有什么关系……不确定啊，这是第一篇，一看不是狗上的，就有点慌，没看懂文章）
　　
考古
　　　
V1
另外一篇是关于某个生物（那个动物叫啥实在想不起来，好像单词也不认得）在一个池塘(pond)里的死因，什么drowned，等等，文章第二部分做了大量原因的推理，还是有点费解
　　
V2
讲的是一种动物的遗迹在沼泽附近被发现，然后结论好像是该动物不可能是活活在沼泽中困死的，而是先死之后，其遗迹慢慢陷入沼泽的。
　　
V3
还有一个drown in pond的某生物那个，也是机经有的。第一段说了一个死因被作者否定了，第二段又说了一个死因仍然被作者从两三个不同角度否定了。
　　
V4
有一篇是讲一种动物，有一种假设认为它是在沼泽里淹死的，文章马上又反驳说沼泽其实面积很小。第二段记不太清了，好像讲这种动物是陷在沼泽的泥里死掉的，还有沼泽不深，好像还没有没过动物的腿。又有分析说动物的骨头在动物尸体腐烂后沉底了
　　
V5
一个动物，叫什么忘了。淹死了。科学家们讨论到底是怎么死的，糊里糊涂的这篇。
　　
V6
第三篇就是说一个什么动物的遗骨被发现了（这篇文章让我觉得很恐怖，动物尸体，沼泽什么的。。。）然后就探讨它怎么死的，很短，不过虽然挺多词不认识，但是结构很清晰，题目也不难…
41湿地动物的死亡
V1 by teateat：两段，第一段说科学家们发现了一些新的关于这些动物遗体，根据以前的推测，这个动物是被淹死的，但后面一句话把这个推测给推翻了。第二段引入另一种猜测，说什么被沼泽（感觉好象是沼泽）先缠住然后才慢慢死的，但好像这个发现又被。。。事实给推翻了；题目都是推测，句子的作用，领会大致意思就可以应付了
V2 by tonyhaha阅读有第一篇是讲一个M的动物，生活的时代挺久远的，并且生活地点是在什么湿地。开始讲了科学家是认为这种动物是掉在水里死的（我不是很确定），但是作者是不同意这种观点的。作者认为这种动物生活在湿地，应该能适应这种生活环境。还有好像是这种动物死了以后陷入泥沙中的深度不能支持它是淹死的。再有一个就是骨骼的分离程度不能支持的。题目有主旨题，还有什么忘了。
V3 by asuka0704
湿地生物(好像叫Mustelidae？)的死亡那篇，考了主题题，我选的是consider claims made by researches blabla 。还问了作者认为Mustelidae怎么样？我选了fed at wetland. 其他选项还有not a good swimmer, little buoyancy什么的

jacob学术了一下，去找了这个诡异的动物究竟是神马，发现应该是釉科（估计是水獭之类的），可参照WIKI百科http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelidae
百度百科也有一个中文介绍，有时间的童鞋可以参考下：http://baike.baidu.com/view/88137.htm