UU的GMAT备考日记

羽宝儿

虚拟语气的四种句式：
But for N, S should/would/could/might do/(have done)  如果不是N，S应该...
=If it were not/(had not been) for N
=Were it not for N(Had it not been for N)
=Without N
虚拟语气的时态：
时间                                 从句谓语形式                                    主句谓语形式
将来                       动词过去式（be-were,do-did）             would/should/might/could do
                                   should do
                                  were to do
现在                       动词过去式（be-were,do-did）           would/should/might/could do
过去                         had done                                      would/should/might/could have done

虚拟语气的几种形式重复：
If Present, Future.--If X happens, Y will happen.
If Past, would/coud do.--If X happened, Y would happen./If X were to happen, Y would happen.
If Past perfect, would/could have done.--If X had happened, Y would have happened.

以下动词宾语从句需要用虚拟语气:都要省略should。
1)  表示建议:advocate/advise/move/recommend that...do...
    sb. suggest/propose that ... do ...(如果是物作主语就不需要虚拟,动词是“暗示”的意思)
2)  表示命令:order/decree/mandate/command/demand/direct that...do...
3)  表示要求:request/require/insist that...do...


题目：
PREP08-239
Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its own weight wouldcause a star to collapse.
A. instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse
B. instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight
C. a star would have to be collapsing under its own weight
D. a star would collapse under its own weight
E. its own weight would have caused a star’s collapse


PREP08-246
Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and, if it strikes Earth, itcan do tremendous damage to part of the planet but probably not cause planetwide destruction.
A. and, if it strikes Earth, it can do tremendous damage to part of the planet but
B. and, if it would strike Earth, part of the planet could experience a tremendous amount of damage but it would
C. and that, if it were to strike Earth, could do tremendous damage to part of the planet but would
D. and that, if Earth is struck by it, can do part of the planet tremendous damage, but it would
E. and that, if it strikes Earth, it could experience a tremendous amount of damage but

羽宝儿

比较：一定要明确比较对象！！！！！！！！！！！！！不能乱比！！！！！
1. compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面名词短语的核心词
in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.

2. compared with可以修饰前面整个分句，compared with后面的名词与主语比较：
Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
In the United States, Fifty-two percent of high school graduates go on to college, compared with thirty-five percent in Canada and fifteen percent in Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany.
One baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six in 1975.

3. as compared to/with中as指代前面整句的核心含义：
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.

than比较
主语比较：A do sth than B do.
宾语比较：A do C1 than C2.
介宾比较：A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.
状语比较：A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected. (直接加状语)
e.g.
I eat faster than you.
I eat apple faster than you do.


as比较
主语比较：Sand road costs twice as many as stone road does.
宾语比较：Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.
介宾比较：Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain.


实例：
As poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.
They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland,on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. as指代了americans

In no other historical sighting did Halley's comet cause such a worldwidesensation as in its return of 1910–1911 
（prep08-245）--倒装句

Halley's comet did cause (caused) such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as in its return of 1910-1911. 
--原句

According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachusetts became the first state in which more babieswere born to women over the age of thirty than under it. （prep08-240）

                                
PREP08-P2-169
多处出现as，乱花渐欲迷人眼.......（as...as...和so...as放在一起考迷惑人）
Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much because of their sales of a year earlier being so bad as that shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts.
A. of their sales of a year earlier being so bad as that
B. of their sales a year earlier having been as bad as because
C. of their sales a year earlier being as bad as because
D. their sales a year earlier had been so bad as because
E. their sales of a year earlier were as bad as that
比较结构：as much because....as because....

PREP08-P2-185
When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many.
A. there are less than one-quarter that many
B. there are fewer than one-quarter as many
C. there are fewer than one-quarter of that amount
D. the number is less than one-quarter the amount
E. it is less than one-quarter of that amount
drive-ins可数，所以肯定不用less， amount
***as many的用法(摘自Longman):
as many=a number that is equal to another number ?表示同样的数字
They say the people of Los Angeles speak 12 languages and teach just as many in the schools.
in as many days/weeks/games etc.
A great trip! We visited five countries in as many days (=in five days).
*: "twice as many", "one-quarter as many", etc.都是非常常见的用法,记住这样的表达。

***对选项中既有any又有other的情况要敏感
PREP08-P2-189
Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history.
A. small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
B. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
C. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
D. more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
E. more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
另注意：more adj n的形式往往有修饰歧义，不知道more到底是修饰adj还是n.
A选项中today和now语义重复

PREP08-P2-197
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.
A. a greater proportion than it was
B. a greater proportion than
C. a greater proportion than they have been
D. which is greater than was so
E. which is greater than it has been
a greater proportion做同位语，修饰、解释前面的more than half the spending
这里是对单个名词proportion的比较，than后面的proportion省略了，补全后：Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in thepresidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than(the proportion)(television costs hadaccounted for of the spending)in any previous election
选项C: 比较对象不对等，they指代costs，和proportion比较，错误//have been不知道和什么平行如果是accounted for，那也应该改成have done//现在完成时时态错误,前面是过去时，那么in and previous election时间提示词就应该是过去完成时

OG10-198（类似上一题，省略subject，只补出了介词）
Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in theirprevious campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.
(A) they had in their previous campaigns
(B) their previous campaigns had had
(C) they had for any previous campaign
(D) in their previous campaigns
(E) for any previous campaign
前面是过去式，后面的时间提示词in previous campaign则应该用过去完成时， they指代N's army，单复数不一致，所以AC排除
their和主语单复数不一致BD也可以排除。
supplies are gathered for an upcoming campaign,用in不合适，所以D排除

PREP08-P2-154
There is nowhere in early American literature where the influence of Jane Austen is so apparent as the novels of James Fenimore Cooper.
A. There is nowhere in early American literature where the influence of Jane Austen is so apparent as
B. In early American literature, nowhere is Jane Austin's influence so apparent than in
C. It is nowhere more apparent in early American literature that Jane Austen was an influence as in
D. Nowhere in early American literature is the influence of Jane Austen more apparent than in
E. Nowhere in early American literature is it more apparent that Jane Austen had an influence than
倒装结构，原句可还原为:The influence of Jane Austen is more apparent nowhere in early American literature than in the novels of James Fenimore Cooper. (nowhere...than...)本句是地点状语的完全倒装
翻译：Jane Austen在美国文学的影响没有比在James Fenimore Cooper的小说中更明显的地方了
比较结构标志词:nowhere...than... ; any other places ... than...

                                
                        
               

羽宝儿

whether or not的使用
引导宾语从句只能用whether,不要加 or not，否则累赘。determine whether.....
引导状语从句必须加or not， 即whether or not

PREP08-250
Researchers agreed that the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely important but more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was or wasnot any better for heart attack patients than the balloon procedure by itself.
A. more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was or was not any better for heart attack patients than
B. more research was needed for determining whether or not balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than is
C. that more research was needed to determine whether balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than
D. that more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was any better for heart attack patients than
E. that more research was needed for determining that balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is or is not any better for heart attack patients than is
错选D：determine that表示结果已经确定，determine whether表示结果没有确定//preceded with搭配错误，应该改为preceded by//对于determine引导的没有确定的内容，应该用现在进行时，而不是过去时
                                
                        
               

羽宝儿

很难选的题目合集
Prep08 255
Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
A. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
B. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
C. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
D. Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.
E. Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
正确答案E， 错选了C
C的解释：
后面的it离指代对象a course of action太远了

Ron的解释：
C： Everything is fine until we get to "especially if it has worked in the past."  The way it is phrases, we can't tell for sure what has worked in the past. Is that referring to a course of action or misintepretation of signs of incipient trouble?  If C is to be correct it should say,  
"An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked in the past, is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear."
E：
e is the best choice here. i cringe a bit at the use of 'being' - my first thought is that we could make the sentence better by using a noun, such as 'commitment' - but then you'd need some sort of possessive pronoun to show that it's the executive who's committed.  in any case, (e) is definitely the best of the options here, none of which is perfect by any stretch.  用被动形式而不是名词形式作主语的好处：不需要表明是executive做的

Ron基于native speaker用法习惯对于C的深入解释：
this is also a "garden path sentence", meaning one that will be misinterpreted by native speakers, or will at least confound those native speakers, close to100% of the time.
if you're not a native speaker, there may not be a good way to convince you of this completely, but the "it" here will simply not be comprehensible to the majority native readers of english on a first reading. (i'd imagine that it would very much confuse the _non_-native readers as well.)  
the reason is that it's too nonparallel to its antecedent, but this is one of those things that experienced readers of formal english will largely just intuit. (sorry, that's just the way that it works ... same thing with idiomatic expressions!)

the kicker about such "garden path sentences" is that they're not necessarily even ungrammatical. here's another example:
the horse raced past the barn fell down.
this sentence has exactly one interpretation, and it's perfectly grammatical: the horse, which was being raced past the barn, fell down. unfortunately for non-native speakers/readers, such a sentence would still be universally marked "wrong" on a standardized test, because, well, no one would understand it on first reading.


Ron对于being的使用方法的解释：
you should avoid "being" when expressing the IDENTITY or CHARACTERISTICS of some individual or thing. this is because "being" is usually unnecessary in such cases; there are simpler modifiers (such as appositives) that, while absolutely impossible to use in spoken language, are better in written language.
example:
being a cigar aficionado, john has strong opinions on when to use single-guillotine cigar cutters rather than double-guillotine cutters. --> bad.
a cigar aficionado, john has strong opinions on when to use single-guillotine cigar cutters rather than double-guillotine cutters. --> good. notice that we can simply omit the "being" here.

you don't want to omit "being" here, because it's not expressing identity: in the context of (e), it's a necessary verbal. (nice litmus test: try omitting it and see whether the sentence is still viable, perhaps with minor modifications. here, it isn't.)

so, to sum up:
if "being" expresses IDENTITY or CHARACTERISTICS, then kill it.
otherwise, evaluate it on the same merits as you would any other verb.[size=11.000000pt]

Prep08-256
Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry river bed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools.
A. when it is known that humans made
B. at which it is known that humans had made
C. at which humans are known to have made
D. that humans are known to be making
E. of humans who were known to make
要看when/at which到底就近修饰的哪一个对象！！！！！
Ron对于A,B的解释：              
the problem with A and B is that they refer (wrongly) to the time when we discovered this information—not to the time when humans made tools, as clearly intended in context.
to see this, look at the verbs that follow 'when'/'at which':
A/
when it is known...
--> BAD
this is talking about when something became known. we SHOULD be talking about when people made tools!
B/
at which it is known...
--> BAD
this is talking about when something became known. we SHOULD be talking about when people made tools!
C/
at which humans are known to have made...
--> GOOD
THIS is what the sentence actually means!

PREP08-P2-173
Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.
A. Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus
B. Analyses of campaign expenditures by the media has been focused on
C. In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on
D. Media analyses of campaign expenditures have had as a focus
E. In their analysis of campaign expenditures, the media has been focusing on
Media在GMAT中不做集合名词,而是medium的复数,故谓语动词需用复数。The media = all the organizations, such as television, radio, and newspapers, that provide news andinformation for the public, or the people who do this work
这句话中the media作为逻辑主语 focus on costs和overlook cost，比analyses作逻辑主语更合理，毕竟analyses还是经过the media得来的
另外本题还要注意用法的简洁性
        
PREP08-P2-206
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago.
A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago
B. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when it was nearly three-quarters
C. and that amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when they were nearly threequarters
D. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters a decade ago
E. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from what it was a decade ago by nearly three-quarters
RON的解释：
these kinds of participial modifiers (COMMA + -ING) modify the entire action of the preceding clause.
so, technically, they adhere to the SUBJECT of the preceding clause, which is "non-hispanic whites". but it's easier just to think of the modifier as applying to the entire preceding clause.
amount to: 相当于，总计为
You can say that some specific thing "amounts to" some proportion of something else.
E.g.,
Almonds produced in California amount to almost four-fifths of the world's almond production.
Normally, this type of thing is rare outside of modifiers; if this idea is actually the core of the sentence, then it's easier to write the sentence in other ways (e.g., Almost 4/5 of all the world's almonds are produced in California.)
代词问题：it指代不清//即使it指代the population of the state,还是错误的，"it" is trying to stand for the %（precentage）of california's population that is white. there is no noun in the sentence that can achieve that meaning; that's what i meant in declaring that there is no valid antecedent.
关于D少了only的解释：this change is pretty trivial, so it's not a concern. in general, as long as you still wind up with something that makes sense, you're ok. 什么是要考虑改变语义的问题？when there are "change of meaning" errors, they pretty much always transform the sentence into something that is nonsense and/or is clearly not theintended meaning.
which不可以指代minority：
第一点：
It doesn't make sense to have "a minority..." as the subject/agent of this modifier.  The modifier is specifically meant to describe non-Hispanic Whites, not the general notion of "a minority in California".
"Which" can't directly modify "a minority", because it's inappropriate to say "A minority amounts to...".
On the other hand, the comma + __ing construction is perfect here, since "amounting to xxxx" is a perfect clarification/explanation of the entire preceding sentence ("non-Hispanic Whites are ... a minority").
分词修饰>定语从句修饰
第二点：
in California不是修饰a minority的
"in California" describes the entire sentence "non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority" (THIS is what is HAPPENING in California).
it doesn't make sense to interpret "in California" as a modifier of just the noun "minority", because that modifier is not changing or qualifying the actual notion of a minority -- it's saying WHERE a certain group is a minority.

PREP08-P2-213
Caribou are wary animals with excellent hearing, so stalking them over the treeless landscape, getting close enough to kill it with nothing but a handheld lance, as Dorset people did, required exceptional hunting skill.
A. so stalking them over the treeless landscape, getting close enough to kill it
B. so to stalk them over the treeless landscape and get close enough to kill one
C. so in order to stalk them over the treeless landscape and get close enough to kill one
D. and so in order to stalk it over the treeless landscape, getting close enough to kill it
E. and so stalking them over the treeless landscape and getting close enough in order to kill it
to do是可以做主语的！！但是in order to不可以
根据“Caribou are”,可以判断出Caribou是复数，所以选项中用it指代的通通都可以排除--ADE
from RON:
(1) In order to eat requires food.
(2) To eat requires food.
解释：(2) makes sense. (1) does not. The infinitive (To eat, or To stalk) can serve as the subject. The expression "In order to ..." cannot serve as a subject; it requires an entire clause (e.g., "In order to eat, one must have food.")
one在B中的指代解释（为什么可以用one而不可以用it）："one" is singular and not plural, and it's not used as a plural in this sentence.  It is standing in for "a caribou", or a singular member of the caribou group.
关于主语的解释以及第二个to要不要加： "To stalk them" would be the beginning of the subject. Technically, "To stalk them over the treeless landscape and get close enough tokill one" is the full subject here. This is a rare case where we actually don't want to include a second "to", because the two elements here aren't parallel. The second verb is subordinate to the main action here.//there's no reason why "to" would need to be repeated. (in fact, this sentence would make LESS sense if "to" were repeated, although that difference is not something this exam would ever test.)
I am going to run and hide. (correct- run and hide as one element)
I am going to run and to hide. (incorrect- these aren't intended to be two separate actions)


PREP12-51
Reptiles, by drawing their body heat directly from the Sun rather than burning calories to generate it, can survive on ten percent of the nourishment that a mammal of similar size would normally require.
A. rather than burning calories to generate it
B. rather than the generation of body heat by burning calories
C. and not from generating it by burning calories
D. instead of by burning calories for generating it
E. instead of body heat generated by burning calories
这道题目做的时候感觉A结构上不是那么平行，因为未划线部分是by drawing their heat from the son,所以就觉得划线部分应该也至少应该by generating it through burning calories, 但其实这里发现也完全没必要做到这种完全对等的平行
D选项by of两个介词连在一起用错误，for没有to更好的表达目的或者结果

PREP12-58
The Scandinavian assault on Western Europe culminated in the early eleventh century with the Danish conquest of the English kingdom, which other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat, unsuccessfully later in the same century.
A. which other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat, unsuccessfully, later in the same century
B. which other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat later that same century, but not successfully
C. an achievement that other Scandinavian kings attempted later in the century to repeat, but were not successful at it
D. an achievement attempted later in the century by other Scandinavian kings that was not successful
E. an achievement that other Scandinavian kings attempted to repeat later in the century, but without success
C选项的主要问题，it多余，but后面的内容主语是S kings，可以说和前面的定语从句是平行的，所以that是作成分的，所以it多余
E选项later in the century和without success两个介词平行

GWD TN16
For many revisionist historians, Christopher Columbus has come to personify devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere.

• Adevastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere
• Bdevastation and enslavement in the name of progress by which native peoples of the Western Hemisphere decimated
• Cdevastating and enslaving in the name of progress those native peoples of the Western Hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated.
• Ddevastating and enslaving those native peoples of the Western Hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated.
• Ethe devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that have decimated the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
  

理解句意！！！
对历史学家而言，哥伦布将破坏和奴役赋予人性，以进步为名义，杀死当地居民。所以that应该修饰the devastation and enslavement，而不是progeress


Researchers hypothesize that granitic soil is the ideal construction material for the desert tortoise because it is not so hard that it makes burrowing difficult or so soft that it could cause tunnels to collapse.

• Aso hard that it makes burrowing difficult or so soft that it could cause
• Bhard enough to make burrowing difficult or soft enough as to cause
• Cso hard as to make burrowing difficult or soft enough so it causes
• Das hard as to make burrowing difficult or as soft as to cause
• Etoo hard, making burrowing difficult, nor too soft, so as to cause
  

我的答案：D

正确答案：A

as adj as to的结构错误。as adj as n

语义！一定要理解语义！！时态不平行不能成为错误的理由！！！

羽宝儿

状语从句的省略：
1. 正确形式：表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词（when/while/if/unless/although/even if/even though）+形容词短语/ing短语/ed短语
2. 错误形式：表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词+介词短语/名词短语（e.g. although just inside the orbit of Jupiter是错的）
3. 特殊情况：once可以加介词短语/名词短语；whatever可以加名词短语

羽宝儿

PREP 08 sc 104min 错误率：16/54

羽宝儿

独立主格结构：
定义：agroup of words consisting of a noun or pronoun and a participle as well as any related modifiers.
独立主格结构不是直接修饰句子里的某个特定的词语，而是修饰整个句子，adding information.
格式：a subject+非谓语动词

同位语与独立主格最主要的区别在于:同位语?述的是事物的具体内容、特征,是一种解释;独立主格则是表示一种伴随状态,?述与所?述分句同步发生的事情。                

prep 08 P2-155
With surface temperatures estimated at minus 230 degrees Fahrenheit, Jupiter's moon Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, and with 60 square miles of water thought to be frozen from top to bottom.
A. Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, and with
B. Europa has long been considered far too cold to support life, its
C. Europa has long been considered as far too cold to support life and has
D. Europa, long considered as far too cold to support life, and its
E. Europa, long considered to be far too cold to support life, and to have


with引导的独立主格结构修饰整句话，既可以修饰主句主语，又可以修饰紧挨着的那个名词，容易造成歧义，所以有with的独立主格选项通常不选下面这道题虽然没有考with的独立主格结构，但是只有选择D选项，不划线的独立主格才是正确的。with修饰webs that are essentially wheel-like
prep 08 P2-162
Such orb-weaving spiders like the argiope build webs in an essentially wheel-like structure, with an outer rim and a number of spokes emanating from the hub.
A. Such orb-weaving spiders like the argiope build webs in an essentially wheel-like structure
B. Such orb-weaving spiders as the argiope builds webs with what is essentially a wheel-like structure
C. The argiope spider, in the same way as other orb-weaving spiders, build webs in a structure that is essentially wheel-like
D. Orb-weaving spiders such as the argiope build webs that are essentially wheel-like
E. Like other orb-weaving spiders do, the argiope builds webs as essentially wheel-like

PREP08-P2-175
Because of wireless service costs plummeting in the last year, and as mobile phones are increasingly common, many people now using their mobile phones to make calls across a wide region at night and on weekends, when numerous wireless companies provide unlimited airtime for a relatively small monthly fee.
A. Because of wireless service costs plummeting in the last year, and as mobile phones are increasingly common, many people
B. As the cost of wireless service plummeted in the last year and as mobile phones became increasingly common, many people
C. In the last year, with the cost of wireless service plummeting, and mobile phones have become increasingly common, there are many people
D. With the cost of wireless service plummeting in the last year and mobile phones becoming increasingly common, many people are
E. While the cost of wireless service has plummeted in the last year and mobile phones are increasingly common, many people are

羽宝儿

经典错误：
PREP08-P2-163
Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.
A. Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated
B. Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulated
C. Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, already stimulating
D. Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
E. Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating

选项C：原本的主句变成了修饰成分，句子重心变化//stimulating修饰tiny islets错误（注意修饰语的位置）//前面是主系表结构，所以 stimulating不作伴随状语，割裂了前后因果关系//under provisions of the maritime code错误修饰sea areas
选项D：this不可单独指代//under provisons修饰area，错误


PREP08-P2-176
Mauritius was a British colony for almost 200 years, excepting for the domains of administration and teaching, the English language was never really spoken on the island.
A. excepting for
B. except in
C. but except in
D. but excepting for
E. with the exception of
ABE缺少连词，使得有两个独立的句子
excepting只和not,only,always,without连用
with the exception of既可以叙事前面的句子，又可以修饰后面的句子，有歧义

PREP08-P2-212
Trans World Entertainment Corporation, which owns the Record Town and Saturday Matinee retail chains, announced that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed.
A. that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed
B. it is closing up to one-fourth of its stores, which accounted for its poor sales
C. it was closing up to one fourth of its stores because of poor sales
D. to be closing, on account of poor sales, up to one-fourth of its stores
E. having poor sales, such that up to one-fourth of its stores will be closed
D. announce to do错误使用。正确用法：announce that/sth
announced过去式，所以ABE时态错误

PREP08-P2-232
Although the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its sales at restaurants open for more than a year have declined.
A. the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its
B. the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales increased dramatically, its
C. many new restaurants have recently been opened across the country and its sales increased dramatically, the restaurant company's
D. having recently added many new restaurants across the country and with its sales increasing dramatically, the restaurant company's
E. recently adding many new restaurants across the country and having its sales increase dramatically, the restaurant company's
考点：平行，时态，逻辑主语
从句中and连接的两个动作是同时发生的，所以时态需要一致
RON解释：
判断and连接的两个成分谓语动词时态是否需要一致：
本题中：
(b) contains bad parallelism. since you're talking about two trends that have taken place simultaneously, you MUST use the same verb tense to describe those trends.
in (b), the first verb (has ... added) is in the present perfect, but the second (increased) is in the simple past. i don't care whether you actually know what these tenses are called, provided that you can recognize that they are different.
the parallelism in (a) is perfect: both verbs (has ... added and have ... increased) are presented in the same tense.
引申：有显然的理由使得两个动作不是同时发生的
As in the case of most other meaning-related issues, it's mostly just common sense. If these things are presented together, the default interpretation should be that they're simultaneous (because that's why people would list them together in the first place!) -- unless there is some obvious reason to regard them as NOT simultaneous.
E.g.,
Although Tim went to school in Tokyo and has lived and worked there for the last thirty years, he is not fluent in Japanese.
--> "School" was over a long time ago. "Lived and worked" is ongoing up to now.
If you had extra context that clarified the difference between the two timeframes, then you could have these different tenses. （需要这样考虑的情况在考试中几乎不存在）
E.g., Even though the restaurant company added many new restaurants across the country in the early 2000's and its sales have increased dramatically since then, ...
C选项最大的问题是被动改变了语义：
in this construction, there is no indication that these new restaurants have been opened by the company in question. it just says that they have recently been opened, but not by whom.
that's an unacceptable shift of meaning.

PREP12-10
Though the artifacts of pre-Columbian civilization created a stir from the very first European contacts with the New World in the sixteenth century, it was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that Western designers, artists, and crafters were inspired to imitate them.
A. it was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that Western designers, artists, and crafters were inspired to imitate them
B. they did not inspire imitations of Western designers, artists, and crafters until it was the latter half of the nineteenth century
C. not until the latter half of the nineteenth century was it that they have inspired Western designers, artists, and crafters to imitation
D. until the latter half of the nineteenth century Western designers, artists, and crafters have not been inspired to imitate
E. they were not inspirations of Western designers, artists, and crafters imitations until the latter half of the nineteenth century 注意时态，C选项现在进行时错误，imitation错误
A选项中的them没有问题，在原语境中指点artifacts不会造成歧义

PREP12-9
Roughly twice each century the planet Venus passes between the Earth and the Sun, an occasion known as a transit of Venus, during which it makes the outline of the planet visible in stark relief.
A. during which it makes the outline of the planet
B. during which the outline of the planet becomes
C. so that it makes the outline of the planet
D. such that during which the of the planet becomes
E. such that the outline of the planet becomes
没有表因果的意思，所以CDE都是错的，A中it指代不清，而且it makes the outline of the planet visible意思很奇怪，没有B表达得清晰

PREP12-31
Over the past few years, banks have systematically raised their old fees and invented new ones that are harder and harder for consumers to avoid.
A. banks have systematically raised their old fees and invented new ones that are harder and harder for consumers to avoid
B. banks are systematically raising their old fees and inventing new ones that become harder and harder for consumers to avoid
C. banks systematically raising old fees and inventing new ones make them harder and harder for consumers to avoid
D. as banks systematically raised their old fees and invented new ones, avoiding them becomes harder and harder for consumers
E. as banks have systematically raised their old fees and invented new ones, it is becoming harder and harder for consumers to avoid them
从句描述的是现在systematic rise in fees，所以用现在时，没毛病
印象中好像over the past years/days这种形式的时间提示词，都是用现在完成时，待后面做题考证...
PREP12-34
A row of upright fan-shaped plates running down the spine provided the Stegosaurus dinosaur with an especially efficient solar heating and cooling system to allow them to move comfortably through different climatic regions.
A. to allow them to move comfortably
B. to allow it a comfortable movement
C. that allowed it to move comfortably
D. that allowed their comfortable movement
E. allowing them to move comfortably
it指代的是dinosaur，所以不应该有歧义，不是指代的主语，要理解句意

GWD TN16
Although improved efficiency in converting harvested trees into wood products may reduce harvest rates, it will stimulate demand by increasing supply and lowering prices, thereby boosting consumption.

• Ain converting harvested trees into wood products may reduce harvest rates, it will stimulate demand by increasing supply and lowering prices, thereby boosting
• Bin converting harvested trees into wood products may reduce harvest rates, demand will be stimulated because of increasing supply and lowering prices, which boost
• Cof converting harvested trees into wood products may reduce harvest rates, it will stimulate demand by increasing supply and lowering prices, which boosts
• Dof harvested trees being converted into wood products may reduce harvest rates, it will stimulate demand, because it will increase supply and lower prices, thereby boosting
• Ewhen harvested trees are converted into wood products may reduce harvest rates, demand will be stimulated because of increasing supply and lowering prices, which boost
  

我的答案：B

正确答案：A

A。it指代improved efficiency, 如果这里用B的被动语态，就省略了动作发出者，省略了原本想表达的意思//B中的which指代increasing supply and lowering prices，至极boost的主语应该是demand，而increasing supply and lowering prices只是stimulate demand的一种方式。所以B的整个问题就是改变了语义

羽宝儿

this/these/they 考点：

1) 除非很明显,this\these不能单独指代,要补出后面的名词。
2) they 指代前面出现的对象,these 指代离它最近的对象,指代都要满足逻辑符合,主谓一致的要求。
3) 当they前出现两个以上主谓符合的对象时,视其为指代不清。而these前出现两个以上主谓符合的对象时,可以就近指代,比 they 更佳。

these单独指代的例子：这里these做主语
经典题目：prep2-34
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.
(A)  hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's
(B)  hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine
(C)  hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine
(D)  the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have apain-relieving effect like morphine's
(E)  the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have apain-relieving effect like that of morphine
Key:A ? these 指代 endorphins。
                                
                        
               
                                
                        
               

羽宝儿

修饰语的使用/插入语的使用：
三种错误类型的修饰语:
MISPLACED MODIFIER: Some modifiers, especially simple modifiers — only, just, nearly, barely — havea bad habit of slipping into the wrong place in a sentence. (In the sentence below, what does itmean to "barely kick" something?)
Confusion: He barely kicked that ball twenty yards.
Repair Work: He kicked that ball barely twenty yards.
***DANGLING MODIFIER(最常见的错误): When we begin a sentence with a modifying word, phrase, or clause, we must make sure the next thing that comes along can, in fact, be modified by that modifier. When amodifier improperly modifies something, it is called a "dangling modifier." This often happens withbeginning participial phrases, making "dangling participles" an all too common phenomenon. In thesentence below, we can't have a car changing its own oil.
Confusion: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to run better.
Repair Work: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he could get much better gas mileage.
*: An infinitive phrase can also "dangle." The infinitive phrase below should probably modify the person(s) who set up the exercise program.
Confusion: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, an exercise program was set up for the summer months.
Repair Work: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, the coaching staff set up an exercise program for the summer months.
SQUINTING MODIFIER: This is an unfortunate result of an adverb's ability to pop up almost anywhere in a sentence;structurally, the adverb may function fine, but its meaning can be obscure or ambiguous. For instance, in the sentence below, do the students seek advice frequently or can they frequentlyimprove their grades by seeking advice? You can't tell from that sentence because the adverboften is "squinting" (you can't tell which way it's looking). Let's try placing the adverb elsewhere.
Confusion: Students who seek their instructors' advice often can improve their grades.
Repair Work: Student who often seek their instructors' advice can improve their grades.
Repair Work: Students who seek their instructors' advice can often improve their grades.

分词作修饰语判断逻辑主语
先来一段RON的解释：
participial modifiers (COMMA + -ING) modify the entire action of the preceding clause.修饰前面的整个clause
so, technically, they adhere to the SUBJECT of the preceding clause, but it's easier just to think of the modifier as applying to the entire preceding clause.
a)分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语
b)1.1 ing 分词短语在句尾:有逗号
表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语
?表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加 thus/thereby/in effect/in fact 等,也可以不加。
*:注意无论前面是主动还是被动语态,现在分词短语修饰的都是主语,如下面 manhattan 的Ron 大神所示例子:
My brother tricked me, disappointing Dad --> implies that dad is disappointed in mybrother for tricking me (and not necessarily disappointed in me for being tricked).
I was tricked by my brother, disappointing Dad -->implies that dad is disappointed in mebecause i fell for my brother's trick(and not that he's disappointed in my brother fortricking me).
**注意在GMAT中，having been done的修饰往往是错的，因为可以直接用done。但是有的时候也正确，要看主句的时态，以及句子是否有逻辑。
   1.2 ing 分词短语在句尾:无逗号
就近修饰的名词的定语,或者修饰句子主语
   2.ed 分词短语在句尾不管有无逗号,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词。但偶尔也做状语修饰整个句子,如 Hehurried to the hall, followed by two guards. 修饰情况由逻辑决定。
c)ing分词和 ed 分词在句中:优先作定语修饰就近的名词
**注意：在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.
这种结构在 GMAT 肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词?到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.       例题： PREP-P2-235（典型错误选项A）
      On account of a law passed in 1933, making it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold gold in the form of bullion or coins, immigrants found that on arrival in the United States they      had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.
      A. On account of a law passed in 1933, making it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold
      B. With a law passed in 1933 that makes it a crime punishable by imprisonment that a United States citizen hold
      C. A law passed in 1933 that made it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen holding
      D. Because of a law passed in 1933 making it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen to hold
      E. Due to a law being passed in 1933 that makes it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United States citizen to hold
      ***it在这里指代to hold gold
      PREP-P2-229（典型错误选项D）
      In California today, Hispanics under the age of eighteen account for more than 43 percent, compared with a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.
      A. In California today, Hispanics under the age of eighteen account for more than 43 percent, compared with a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.
      B. Of the Californians under the age of eighteen, today more than 43 percent of them are Hispanic, compared with a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.
      C. Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
      D. Today, compared to a decade ago, Californians who are Hispanics under the age of eighteen account for more than 43 percent, whereas it was about 35 percent.
      E. Today, Hispanics under the age of eighteen in California account for more than 43 percent, unlike a decade ago, when it was about 35 percent.


d)介词或介词短语+ing 分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing...,句子
在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语
?在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是
e)在前面有多个名词 如：N1+PREP+N2结构,而要用分词修饰N1时,为避免歧义要重复N1,即用同位语结构: N1+PREP+N2,N1+分词
定语从句作定语与分词短语作定语的区别
(1)定语从句强调具体的时间,具体的行为,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统的、不确定的时间,抽象的、客观的、重复性的、多次性的行为。
(2)分词短语比定语从句更简洁; 都可接受时, 分词短语比定语从句优先使用; 如有可能, 定语从句要尽可能简化为分词短语。
(3)有情态动词的定语从句不能转换为分词短语。
(4)如果定语从句转换为分词短语后产生歧义,则不能转换。

不定式的用法：
1. 作状语(1) 不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
(2) 不定式作状语时,要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。
2. 作定语
(1) 不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
1 The next train to arrive is from Washington.
2 Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
3 Do you have anything to say on the question?
4 Would you please give me some paper to write on?
5 My wish to visit France has come true at last.
(2) 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间的关系:
1)  表示将来的动作(例1)。
2)  与被修饰词之间有动宾关系（修饰逻辑宾语，不定式后面不能带宾语, e.g. prep08-p2-182）,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例4)。
3)  与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例3);如只有动宾关系,而与无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例2)。

同位语修饰--a "comma + abstract noun" setup（from RON）

1. COMMA + ABSTRACT NOUN is allowed to stand for the ENTIRE IDEA OF THE PRECEDING CLAUSE.
the coach tried to put 5 receivers on the line, a strategy that failed.
--> here, "a strategy" (an ABSTRACT noun) stands for the WHOLE IDEA of putting 5 receivers on the line.
X observed large concentrations of metals in the sediments, findings consistent with...
in this case, "findings" (an abstract noun) stands for the WHOLE IDEA of observing large concentrations of blah blah blah.
2. COMMA + CONCRETE NOUN usually stands for the DIRECTLY PRECEDING NOUN.
i went to the bar with john smith, a consultant in los angeles.
here, "a consultant" (a CONCRETE noun) refers ONLY to "john smith" (the preceding noun).
i went to the bar with john smith, an excursion that was much more fun than working all night.
here, "an excursion" (an ABSTRACT noun) stands for the WHOLE IDEA of going to the bar with john smith.

PREP08-P2-167
On August 13, 1868, the warship U. S. S. Wateree, anchored in the harbor of Arica, off the coast of what is now northern Chile, rode on the crest of a tsunami (seismic sea wave) and coming to rest in the Atacama Desert, it was some three miles up the coast and almost two miles inland from its initial anchorage.
A. rode on the crest of a tsunami (seismic sea wave) and coming to rest in the Atacama Desert, it was
B. rode on the crest of a tsunami (seismic sea wave), while it came to rest in the Atacama Desert,
C. rode on the crest of a tsunami (seismic sea wave) and came to rest in the Atacama Desert,
D. riding on the crest of a tsunami (seismic sea wave), to come to rest in the Atacama Desert
E. riding on the crest of a tsunami (seismic sea wave), it had come to rest in the Atacama Desert, which is
选项C: off the coast修饰Arica，所以这并不是两个并列的修饰
选项B: while改变了原句逻辑语义，原意为“碰到海啸，并被刮到沙漠”。现在变为挡在沙漠里休息的时候，碰到了海啸


PREP-P2-171
Marconi's conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.
A. Marconi's conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it is
B. Marconi conceived of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, but which is
C. Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone; instead, it has become
D. Marconi conceived of the radio to be a tool for private conversation, a substitute for the telephone, which has become
E. Marconi conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation, other than what it is,
名词作同位语修饰是修饰最靠近它的那个名词，所以这题ABE都错误，因为他们修饰的都是telephone，而不是radio；D也错误C中that引导的定语从句修饰radio（定语从句的引导词指代是可以根据逻辑跳跃不复杂的介宾短语)

PREP08-P2-182
Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them.
A. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them
B. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete it
C. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete
D. 700,000 artisans took more than 36 years to complete
E. to complete them took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years

PREP08-P2-227
The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room.
A. rules intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room
B. rules with the intent of ensuring one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients to be put through triage in a hospital emergency room
C. rules intending to ensure at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room put through triage
D. with the intent of ensuring that at least one nurse should be assigned for every four patients in a hospital emergency room that are put through triage
E. and this is intended to ensure one nurse at least to be assigned for every four patients put through triage in a hospital emergency room
同位语修饰


修饰语插入的例子：
PREP08-P2-219
Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles islands.
A. sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of
B. sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal
known on
C. sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of
D. sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on
E. sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal ofRON的解释：
选项A：两个修饰语之间的，and没有问题，有问题的是第一个修饰语：
you can't block off a modifier with a comma on only one side. modifiers should be blocked off either with commas on both sides (nonessential modifiers) or with commas on neither side (essential modifiers).
in that choice, "found in Puerto Rico in 1991" is blocked off with a comma on the right, but not on the left. bad news.
最主要的问题：
The biggest problem in choice A is that the sentence is nonsense.
Taken literally, choice A states that the fossils made the sloth the oldest known mammal on the island.
That's not true; the fossils themselves certainly didn't do that.  The dating of the fossils did that.


一个修饰接着一个修饰（不是插入修饰）
More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
A. More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
B. With 20 percent of the world's fresh water, that is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal has more than 300 rivers that drain into it.
C. Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, it holds more of the world's fresh water than all that of the North American Great Lakes combined, 20 percent.
D. While more than 300 rivers drain into it, Siberia's Lake Baikal holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, which is more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
E. More than all the North American Great Lakes combined, Siberia's Lake Baikal, with more than 300 rivers draining into it, holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water.
比较对象: lake baikal (which) holds 20 percent of the world' sfresh water more than all the NAG lakes combined (do).