【语法知识点练习】语法干货总结练习，天天练，天天学，天天进步

人间烟火Sue

思路：通读全句，大致理解意思，即：Emily Dickinson给他的sister in law写的信是outnumber(远远超过) to anyone else.

A选项，outnumbering不对。
outnumbering her letters toanyone else中的outnumber不是与谓语动词were wirtten同时发生的动作

所以不是第一种情况，也不是表示整个句子的结果。所以不能用分词形式放在句尾。 出现了时间断层，不能表伴随。outnumber这个词。不可能一边outnumber一边写吧？语义

B选项是一个平行的问题，请看题目标注begins和ended不平行;outnumber 和 were written 没有连词连接，使得outnumber显得很多余。

C： 成分残缺，无主动词； 选项还不平行beginning 和 that ends ;  

D成分残缺，无主动词 ；ending 和beginning 无连词连接，结构混乱，；outnumbering错误的和beginning 和ending 并列 修饰period.逻辑不合理

E:bingo :关于时间的信息很好的包含在两个分词修饰语中，并且修饰语用逗号隔开，结构清晰

Which修饰letters,意思合理

总结：

1.【, V-ing】小结：                                                                        

A)逻辑主语=句子主语，此时表伴随动作                                               

B)逻辑主语=主句全句，此时表结果状语                                                

C)前方为主系表结构，不表伴随、不表结果，只是对前句的补充说明            

需注意：如果产生了时间断层，绝对不可能伴随动作。【也应注意，出现过去和现在的情况，重点肯定是在现在的情况上】

2.which跳跃修饰
在前有“核心词+介词、分词等修饰结构”或者插入语的情况下，which可以跳跃修饰前面的核心词 ，但是如果有其他更优选项，最好不要跳跃指代

30.Paleontologists believe that fragments of aprimate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to 44 million yearsold provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that ledto human beings.

(A) at 40 to 44 millionyears old provide evidence of

(B) as being 40 to 44million years old provides evidence of

(C) that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

(D) to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

(E) as 40 to 44 millionyears old provides evidence of what was

人间烟火Sue

思路：

A: Estimate的用法一般是estimate to be +年代，时间。除非说明在哪里estimate的时候，后面estimate+at+地点，否则一般不接at

B:AS being 错误结构；主语fragments谓语动词应用复数provide;

C: estimate是修饰fragments的定语，本身不是动词，最好不要再接从句，相当啰嗦，it不能指代fragments ; 主语fragments谓语动词应用复数provide;

D:BINGO

E: Estimate的用法一般是estimate to be +年代，时间; 主语fragments谓语动词应用 复数provide;  what was啰嗦；

31.

Unlikethe conviction held by many of her colleagues that genes were relatively simple and static, Barbara McClintock adheredto her own more complicated ideas about how genes might operate, and in 1983,at the age of 81, was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the genes incorn are capable of moving from one chromosomal site to another.

(A) Unlike theconviction held by many of her colleagues that genes were

(B) Although many ofher colleagues were of the conviction of genes being

(C) Contrary to many of her colleagues being convincedthat genes were

(D) Even though manyof her colleagues were convinced that genes were

(E) Even with many of her colleagues convinced of genesbeing

人间烟火Sue

思路：这里的考点是比较

A选项，conviction和Barbara比较对象不平行

     

B选项，红字部分wordy（OG解释） 可以用动词表达，就不用名词形式were of the conviction，being啰嗦

     

C选项，红字部分的表达法awkward（OG解释）being啰嗦

D bingo:一个独立的从句开头，然后紧跟主句，清晰的做出了对比结构

     

E选项，Even with many of her colleagues表达不直接！with是不能随便添加的，being多余；with many of her colleagues的逻辑主语是Barbara McClintock不合理。

Adhere to 坚持   

总结：contraryto 放句首，不需要比较对象平行

32. Galileowas convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics,would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly anduniformly through the water as a person standing on land.

(A) water as a

(B) water as to a

(C) water; just as itwould to a

(D) water, as it wouldto the

(E) water; just as tothe

人间烟火Sue

思路

A ，the same …as …平型结构，to someone 和a person 不平行

B: BINGO

C 分号的作用等同于句号，后面需要完整的主谓结构。这里没动词，并且it不能指代复数主语phenomena

D it不能指代复数主语phenomena，the same …as …结构不平行；

E：分号的作用等同于句号，后面需要完整的主谓结构。此处句子残缺

总结：

1. 连接两个句子

A)Comma+连词(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)  若省略主语，一般不要逗号                                         Comma+从句起始词(although,because, before, after, since, when, if, unless, that, though,while)                                                                                 B) Semicolon==>后面要跟完整的主谓结构；可选择加一些连接副词(therefore, however, in addition)  如下： Andrew andLisa are inseparable; therefore, we never see them apart.            再次强调，看清逻辑，是主次关系or并列分句 ==>                                

Right：The dam hascreated dead zones, where fish have disappeared.                           

Wrong:The dam has created dead zones; fish havedisappeared. (Q43)

2. 冒号的用法(Colon): 冒号前一定要是完整的句子；冒号后面可以是并列项，也可以是用于解释第一个句子的完整的句子。此外，被解释的项目应紧邻冒号，这也有时候给了被动句可乘之机。==> The rate of a reaction is affected by 3factors: A,B, and C

3. 破折号的用法(Dash)：非常灵活，一般不会有错。可以替代逗号、分号或冒号.替代冒号结构时，其并不需要被解释词一定在破折号紧前方。

33. Becausean oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing itsfactories for two days a month.

(A) Because anoversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,

(B) Because ofplunging prices for computer chips, which is dueto an oversupply,

(C) Because computerchip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply,

(D) Due to plungingcomputer chip prices from an oversupply,

(E) Due to an oversupply, with theresult that computer chip prices have been sent plunging,

人间烟火Sue

思路：Chronological  按年代顺序排列的

A bingo; 合理的因果逻辑，和语序

     

B :which 跳过修饰语for 指代prices, 但is不能修饰复数prices，；句子表达的问题：时间顺序上，尽量避免逆序表达，越简单越好；because of后面一般接简单的名词，但是名词也可以有其修饰语。但是，because of sth. doing (because of doing)肯定是不如because从句的。而且because of后面这个东西应该是直接原因。

C ：which是不能指前面的一整句话的，这里which无指代；computer chip prices have been sent plunging被动语态啰嗦，动作的发出者不明；并且时间顺序混乱

D ：倒叙的描述具有迷惑性。Due to 在gmat中不放句首

E：Due to 在gmat中不放句首； due to 和 with a result 语义重复 啰嗦。   With在这里夹心修饰，可以修饰an oversupply ,with +n+定从  修饰前面紧邻的名词，作非限定性修饰，此时不是独立主格 ; 也可以修饰manufacturer，做主句的伴随状语；computer chip priceshave been sent plunging被动语态啰嗦，动作的发出者不明

总结：

1. A)because后面可以加繁杂的句子，且不必是造成结果的直接原因。Because中的句子可以更好的体现一系列的事情，适用于表达繁琐的内容时。         

B) because of后面一般接简单的名词，但是名词也可以有其修饰语。但是，because of sth. doing (because of doing)肯定是不如because从句的。而且because of后面这个东西应该是直接原因。                                                                            C) due to后面只接简单的名词结构，且是结果句的直接原因。due to一般不能放在句首，due to得结合结果句来看其是否正确，所以一般较恶心。           

D) in that:不同于because，in that更强调“二者不同的地方在哪里”，而because则强调的是一个事物的原因是什么。

2.句子表达的问题：  时间顺序上，尽量避免逆序表达，越简单越好

Similar=like，different from=unlike，但是similar to和different from一般不可放在句首

34. Beyondthe immediate cash flow crisis that the museum faces, its survival depends onif it can broaden its membership and leave its cramped quartersfor a site where it can store and exhibit its more than 12,000 artifacts.

(A) if it can broadenits membership and leave

(B) whether it canbroaden its membership and leave

(C) whether or not ithas the capability to broaden its membership and can leave

(D) its ability forbroadening its membership and leaving

(E) the ability for itto broaden its membership and leave

人间烟火Sue

思路：释义： 超出了博物馆所面临的直接的现金流危机， 塌的存货依靠是否它能扩大会员数量，并且离开这个狭窄的区域到一个他可以储存和展示多余12000件工艺品的地方

A介词后接名词性从句表”是否”时，只接whether，不接if ，因为if 有歧义：如果or是否

B:bingo; 保持动词平行；depend on whether  习语

C: whether or not  啰嗦；it has the capabilityto 啰嗦

D :abilityfor doing  错误结构

E：the ability for it 啰嗦   ability for sb to do 错误！ Ability of sb to do 正确（不过也啰嗦）应该用更简洁的be able todo .

   

cramped [kræmpt] file:///C:/Users/TANSHU~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg详细»v. 用夹钳夹；约束（cramp的过去分词）adj. 狭窄的；难懂的；难辨的

quarters 地区 ，住处

35. By 1940, the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeenofficial national and international speed records, and she earned them at atime when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to beof dangerously experimental design.

(A) and she earnedthem at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flewto be

(B) earning them at atime that aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be

(C) earning these at atime where aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew were

(D) earned at a timein which aviation was still so new such that many of the planes she flew were

(E) earned at a timewhen aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew were

人间烟火Sue

思路：分词修饰。

A 错误在于：for在这里是because的意思，对when后面进行分析发现，aviation was still sonew for many of the planes she flew to be of dangerously experimental design。 For后面的分句没有动词 planes to be ofdangerously experimental design。所以错。

B 现在分词在逗号后面，优先做状语修饰谓语，主语为原句主语。错误同A。at a time when是固定搭配

C these不能单独指代，at a time when是固定搭配。

D 过去分词在逗号后修饰逗号前名词。at a time when是固定搭配。Such that使用错误。

E 正确

36. Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail salesfigures released today seem like it is indicative that the economy, althoughgrowing slowly, is not nearing a recession.

(A) like it isindicative that

(B) as if to indicate

(C) to indicate that

(D) indicative of

(E) like an indicationof

人间烟火Sue

思路：seem的用法1.seem to do   2.it seems that   3 .it seems as if +从句: although在这里插在主语和谓语之间，修饰主语，这是although 的特殊的省略现象

A：seem like错误；like 后面不能跟句子 ; it 不能指代sales figures

B: it seems as if +从句

C: bingo ;

D:介词 后面不能引起一个句子

E: seem like错误 ;介词 后面不能引起一个句子

总结：

although的省略：although的省略一般只置于句首，或插在【主句主语和谓语之间】，来修饰主语。如果变为【主句,although】从句的形式，although从句就不要省略的好。

37. Dressedas a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first womanto draw a soldier’s pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had becometoo ill to serve.

(A) 22, was injuredthree times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become

(B) 22, was injuredthree times, while being discharged in 1783 because she had become

(C) 22 and was injuredthree times, and discharged in 1783, being

(D) 22, injured threetimes, and was discharged in 1783 because she was

(E) 22, having beeninjured three times and discharged in 1783, being

人间烟火Sue

思路：

句子结构分析：-ed分词修,DS, 插入语, (3个动词并列) …joined…,was injured…,and was dischareg…

  

A: bingo: 需要找一个joined..., wasinjured..., and was discharged....的平行结构，只有此选项符合要求；使用过去完成时表明了she become too illto serve 是发生在wasdischarged in 1783之前；becauseshe become too ill to serve 就是仅修饰最后半个句子原因状从，所以作者在这里特意用逗号把后半个句子和前面区分开为了避免歧义;

B：discharged与injured时间不是发生在同一时间，使用while时间状语错误，being使用多余，while being构成了被动语态的过去进行时态，；同时破坏句子平行结构 ，joined 和was injured之间应该有 and;

   

C：discharged应该加was，因为是被动的动作，DS不是主动离开军队的:  随便去掉了原有的因果逻辑关系；being现在分词作状语修饰discharged表伴随，逻辑不合理。

D ：动词并列，injured应该用被动，前要补出was才能与joined和was discharged并列；because she was中用了一般过去时也是可以的

E: having been injured…and discharged….，being….破坏了平行结构，不能跟joined平行；having been injured表明三次受伤跟discharge 在同一年；用了havingbeen injured…and discharged做前面主句的伴随状语，表明be injured and discharged发生在joined之前，逻辑错误；and前面没有逗号隔开使得in 1783的修饰对象改变，原文是在1783年退役，现在是被伤了3次及退役都发生在1783; 随便去掉了原有的因果逻辑关系；

总结：

1.助动词在三项并列时，要么都出现，要么后面两项都省略。

这题不考时态，别因为时态纠结

2.反向考点：本来三个平行项，作者把第三个改为V-ing，一般不对。因为，如果这样改，第二项前应该有and连接改动后的平行项===>任何平行结构，最后一项前都会有and

38. Bengal-born writer, philosopher, and educatorRabindranath Tagore had the greatest admiration for Mohandas K. Gandhi theperson and also as a politician, but Tagore had been skeptical of Gandhi'sform of nationalism and his conservative opinions about India's culturaltraditions.

(A) for Mohandas K.Gandhi the person and also as a politician, but Tagore had been

(B) for Mohandas K.Gandhi as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also

(C) for Mohandas K.Gandhi not only as a person and as a politician, but Tagore was also

(D) of Mohandas K.Gandhi as a person and as also a politician, but Tagore was

(E) of Mohandas K.Gandhi not only as a person and as a politician, but Tagore had also been

人间烟火Sue

思路：not only，but also 以及but also

A 这里as the person 和 as a politician应该是并列的，and also应该是有相同点的两项

B 正确

C not only, but also表示递进关系，这里根据意思是转折关系，且not only没有倒装，后面but also之间不能插入东西

D and also同A

E 同C

39. Althoughschistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has becomean economic drain on many developing countries.

(A) it is sodebilitating that it has become an economic

(B) it is of suchdebilitation, it has become an economical

(C) so debilitating is it as to become an economic

(D) such is its debilitation,it becomes an economical

(E) there is so muchdebilitation that it has become an economical