饺子之RON视频解析------Overall constructuion

仝介

What is an issue of "sentence structure"?

Things that are supposed to be sentences but AREN'T sentences.

*Fragments

My brother.

My friend,who lives in Texas.

*Run-on sentences("too many ingredients"for a single sentence)

My friend lives in Texas,he enjoys the hot weather.

My friend, who lives in Texas, he enjoys the hot weather.

2 goals:

-Understand these sentence structure errors.

-Be able to IDENTIFY these errors WHEN YOU ARE LOOKING AT A PROBLEM.

Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's).

(A) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate

(B) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth either from burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating   another modifier---No sentence

(C) act as a global thermostat and thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, while also accelerate

(D) they act as a global thermostat that thus keeps Earth either from burning up or freezing over, even though it also accelerates

(E) they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but they also accelerate

第一步 从句意判断转折关系

What are the ideas in this sentence?

1)Ice particles benefit Earth by doing stuff with radiation

2)The act as a global thermostat---they prevent freeze-over and burning.

*BUT* 并不是说一定要加but，只代表着相反的意思，前面已经用了although，后面不能再用but

3)The accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer.

第二步Remember how "Although" works(USE YOUR OWN EXAMPLES if necessary)

  Eg. Although I left home early, I still go to work late.  ------ this would be a complete sentence

   Consider the MEANING of a sentence with Although

   Although I Left home early, I still got to work late. contrast

分析以下：

B. Although I left home early, still getting to work late.

C. Although I left home early, still got to work late.

第三步 发现pronounce错误

D. tries to use "IT"to stand "ice particles" Not OK---plural.

第四步 判断modifiers and essential parts---overall sentence construction

E. Subject1+verb1, subject2+verb2 ----run-on

再从modifiers上看一遍：

Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's).

(A) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up or freezing over, they also accelerate

(B) acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth either from burning up or freezing over, while also accelerating  

(C) act as a global thermostat and thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, while also accelerate   不算真正意义上的modifiers

(D) they act as a global thermostat that thus keeps Earth either from burning up or freezing over, even though it also accelerates

(E) they act as a global thermostat to thus keep Earth from either burning up or freezing over, but they also accelerate

以上绿色为modifiers，蓝色为essential parts。

其余知识点：

知识介绍：

What's in this split?

*Modifiers=neither subject nor verb

*Verb

*Subject+verb

How do we RESOLVE a split like this?

What happens if a modifier is replaced by a subject+verb, or by a verb?

Consider:My friend lives in Texas.    ---complete sentence

        My friend,who lives in Texas.----not a complete sentence(no main verb)

Modifiers can be eliminated are replaced by elements that CAN'T BE ELIMINATED.

consider the effect on the OVERALL STRUCTURE of the sentence.

Look out for run-ons and fragments.

eg. My friend is a sales manager who lives in Texas. ----complete sentence

    My friend is a sales manager lives in Texas.   ------run - on (tries to have 2 verbs)

避免受到Spoken language的影响

*DON'T pick a choice because it "sounds good"

BUT

*Don't ELIMINATE a choice because it "sounds good",either.

BUT 是否不能与Although同时出现在同一个句子中：

Specific answer: Sure...if it makes sense.

general advice:

Don't try to memorize entire sentence structures as "right"or "Wrong"!!

You WILL have to THINK ABOUT THE MESSAGE of a sentence to evaluate whether things like "although", "but", etc, actually make

例2：Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
(A) Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering
(B) Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber
(C) Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering
(D) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering
(E) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

HINT: Split between MODIFIERS& CORE ELEMENTS(subject/verb)

以上蓝色部分为essential elements，红色部分为modifiers。

Essential elements多了就是add too many things in one sentence----Run-on 例如B

(b)has two blue things.(two verbs)

  eg. My friend is a sales manager lives in Texas.

Modifiers 多了可能会出现Fragment.例如C,D

(c)and (d)lack verbs altogether:

  eg.  My friend, who is a sales manager and lives in Texas.

（b）（c）also have clear non-parallelism

剩余A,E当中如何选择呢？从Grammar上看都是acceptable的，但是从Meaning上看呢？

BRIEF DISCUSSION OF "COMMA+-ING"

---it should describe the whole idea of the preceding clause in some way.

   * Immediate result     

    Eg. I fall in love with Mike, losing my mind under this relationship.

   * Ways in which the preceding statement works or is true

   * More specific description of the preceding statement

比较以下两句话：

Stuart is one of the highest-achieving students in the class,standing almost seven feet tall.  Nonsense   前面是讲achievement,后面讲身高，什么鬼！

Stuart is one of the highest-achieving students in the class,scoring at the top of scale on almost every exam.   Sensible   前面讲achievement，后面把成绩爆出来，没错，lz就是比你们强。

(a)The letters were written over xxxxx time period,outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

No significant relationship to blue thing.

假设我问小明，你入伍多少年？

小明说我参军已经十年了，头衔高你好多级。然而我只想知道你到底什么时候开始的，你回答我一个别的东西，这样有意思么，诚心显摆么。

E. Stuart, who stands almost seven feet tall, is one of the highest-achieving students in the class.

  这句话就好像说，看那个高高瘦瘦的男孩子，他的GMAT 成绩可棒了！一样的

仝介

ヾ(｡｀Д´｡)为什么我编辑的颜色都没有了算了，当给大家的考验吧！

仝介

例3

Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.

　　A. though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population

　　B. though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population

　　C. though some protective measures, such as establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries having been taken decades ago, great population increases

　　D. with some protective measures, like establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries that were taken decades ago, great increases in population

　　E. with some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great population increases

Remember---Don't forget to Have a reason for looking at whatever you are looking at.

In other words, Identify the HINT/CLUE that indicates whatever type of issue.

For overall sentence structure, that hint/clue is split between MODIFIER AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENT

第一步：判断是用with还是用though

Though works like Although --as described earlier.

With is just a preposition---it should be followed by a noun(possibly with modifier)

With three small children at home, Rachel doesn't have much time for hobbies.

if you have "With_______,________"

  The two parts should REINFORCE each other!

With three small children at home ,Rachel has loads of free time for hobbies.

(nonsense)

Despite having three small children at home ,Rachel has loads of free time for hobbies.

(make sense)

第二步：平行结构

parallel structure:

_________ and IN THE INTENSITY...

第三步：

Athough后面句子缺乏verb，是fragment。

例4

A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way.

• Aregulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted  分析A选项
• Bregulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, granting  分析B选项
• Cregulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted  分析C选项
• Dregulating the use of bicycles, mandating a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, requiring of cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted  分析D选项
• Eregulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted
  

IF you see MODIFIER& VERB, think about the overall structure of the sentence.

以上红色为essential element， 绿色为modifiers。

第一步：分析句子到底做了什么事情

What are we even talking about in the first place?

*We are talking about an ordinance about bicycle rules.(This should not be parallel to anything else)

  This ordinance did 3 thingsthey should be parallel)

  -mandated a speed limit

  -required feet&hands in place

  - granted ROW to pedestrians

Look at OVERALL SENTENCE STRUCTURE

(a) Run-on并且不符合句意

(b)I ate dinner, drank some xxx,got dressed,heading to the club to meet friends

(you need "and" somewhere in where)

(c)run-on

(d). My friends coming out with us,eating dinner,drinking a little cognac, and headed to the club.

所以E为正确选项。

仝介

我觉得这文本编辑已无药可救，弃疗

仝介

DECEMBER 6,2012

Overall sentence structure: making sure hat the WHOLE SENTENCE is ACTUALLY A COMPLETE  SENTENCE
ISSUES:*Fragment---what you have is not a whole sentence, but just a spiece of one.
       *Run-on ------you actually have TOO MUCH STUFF to have a complete sentenc.

You need to learn the distinction between Modifiers and ESSENTIAL SENTENCE ELEMENTS
(the core of a sentence:subject ,verb, object)

例1：
Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912).
(A) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, it is
(B) Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and is
(C) The Altar of Heaven, having been constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and
(D) The Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is the oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing and is
(E) The oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, more than 1,000 years older than a similar one in Beijing, the Altar of Heaven, which was constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618) and is

A.complete sentence+,+other complete sentence   RUN-ON
   if you want to do this sort of thing,you need a connector, such as "and "or a semicolon
B is a sentence.
C The Altar of Heaven...is more than 1000 years older than a similar one and the only altar.----not reasonable
D. The Altar of Heaven... and is...  missing a verb
E. no verb

当你看到有一些是modifiers有一些是essential elements，then consider the OVERALL STRUCTURE of the sentence.

when you see a pronoun,just check 2 things
1. Does it stand for a NOUN?
  (You should understand the intended meaning..so it should be straightforward to understand what the pronoun SHOULD stand for)
2. Does it MATCH the noun, in terms of SINGULAR/PLURAL?

if it's ACTUALLY UNCLEAR what the pronoun stands for, then that's an issue.
eg. Bob talked to Dave about his homework.

例2：A pair of architects in Britain, who say that giant arches, bridges, and walls made of artificial bone could be easier to design and build than conventional structures, and already designed a number of structures, including a bridge, for showing how their idea would work.
(A) build than conventional structures, and already designed a number of structures, including a bridge, for showing
(B) build than conventional structures, and they have already designed a number of structures, which includes a bridge, to show
(C) build than conventional structures, have already designed a number of structures, including a bridge, to show
(D) also to build than conventional structures, already designed a number of structures, including a bridge, which shows
(E) to build than with conventional structures, have already designed a number of structures, including a bridge, which shows

第一步：明确哪些是modifiers哪些是essential element.
Remember ---The FIRST thing you look at: WHAT IS THE MESSAGE?
----WHAT shows how the idea would work?(all of the structures they built ..not just the bridge!)

A. and B. are missing some elements.
CDE are sentences.
Consider which shows in choice D and E. This describes the bridge.
it is not just the bridge that demonstrates the idea.

C....to design and build...
I like to swim and run.  √       这里不考察parallelism
I like to swim and to run. √
I like both to swim and run.   ×   后两个是考察parallelism
I like both to swim and to run.√

例3：A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of conservative and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting many specific government programs for health care, education, and the environment.
(A) they denounce the big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting
(B) they denounce big government- they say that government is doing too much and has become too powerful-but supporting at the same time
(C) they denounce big government, say that government is doing too much and it has become too powerful, while they support at the same time
(D) while they denounce big government, saying that government is doing too much and has become too powerful, at the same time supporting
(E) while they are denouncing big government- they say that government is doing too much and it has become too powerful-supporting at the same time 

Even though / As / Although / While/+ sentence.
even though I left home 30 minuets early, I still arrived at the theater late.
connector+   SENTENCE,              --------MAIN SENTENCE------------

(A)while后面缺少subject
(B)They denounce...but supporting...
(D)at the same time supporting 缺少subject

How do these work?
* Like modifiers, they can't stand alone----they have to be attached to a main sentence
*unlike modifiers, they don't MODIFIY or DESCRIBE SPECIFIC WORDS in the main sentence.
as long as you have the right kind of overall relationship, the usage is fine.
  eg. As I was coming home from school, the wind blew me off my bike.
           Coming home from school, the wind blew me off my bike.
This is a MODIFIER. according to the rules, it has to DESCRIBE the NOUN that comes after it.

其余知识点：
while & at the same time 的区分
while can be one of two things:
1.for things that are simultaneous  
while driving home from work, I found a big pile of gold bars.
2.for contrast
While most of my colleagues work long hours, Mar often goes home at 3 p.m.
所以有的时候while 和at the same time 并不表示同样的意思

例4： Most of the purported health benefits of tea comes from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the body’s blood vessels.
A. comes from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that
B. comes from antioxidants—compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they
C. come from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and
D. come from antioxidants—compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that
E. come from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

What do dashes do?
*They set off descriptions (modifier,etc.)
So, how are they different from commas?
1.Dashes can emphasize something, or point out irony or unexpectedness.
Joe,who grew up in Miami, thinks that winter in San Francisco is cold.(normal)
Dan—who grew up in Alaska--thinks that winter in San Francisco is cold. (ironic/unexpected)
2. Dashes can clarify sentences in which commas are confusing/ambiguous.
Three of my friends .Jon, Chris and Ryan, and their wives came to the party.
Three of my friends--Jon, Chris,and Ryan---and their wives came to the party.
3.Dashes can set off entire sentence as "description" (comma can't do that)
  James is in financial trouble--he has paid his rent late for the last three months——but he is still making lots of purchases on his credit card.

Dashes are not commas. If there's only one dash, then the description runs all the way to the end of the sentence.
昨天卡机，没上传！

仝介

January 24 2013 OVERALL STRUCTURE

例1

file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\ksohtml\wps1DC8.tmp.pngIn 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Illiad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.

A. his translation of the Illiad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced  

B. his translation of the Illiad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced
C. his translation of the Illiad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it is
D. translating the Illiad, a work that took seven years until completion and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it as
E. translating the Illiad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced it

Modifier and subject+verb ----trying to be parallel×

Let’s examine the overall structure of the sentence

Let’s investigate this pronoun within modifiers.

A simpler sentence:

The book that I read it yesterday was exciting. (incorrect)

That I read is a modifier to the book

The book that I read yesterday was exciting.  (correct)

Do you see that book on the table? I read it yesterday.

其余知识点

“Had taken”

---This tense requires some relevance to, or impact on ANOTHER LATER past timeframe.

E.g. By the time I returned to the doctor’s office,I had been taking the medicine for a month.

By his 18th birthday, James had already beaten two grandmasters at chess.

If you don’t have this kind of relationship ----if you’re just presenting 2 random past events--- then use the past for both.

E.g. I had already closed the registers and locked the doors when the customer shoued up.

    I closed the registers and locked the doors before I went to get a snack.

例2

Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed every copy he could find.  JRJ 后面需要verb

A.so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed   subj+subj+verb

B.and was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed no verb

C.in his later years he was so embarrassed by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying   subj+subj+verb

D.was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed  

E.because he was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying

例3

The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chili.
A. Underlined portion
B. Columbus was the Incan highway, over 2,500 miles in length, and extended
C. Columbus, the Incan highway, which was over 2,500 miles in length and extended
D. Columbus, the Incan highway, being over 2,500 miles in length, was extended
E. Columbus, the Incan Highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending

Overall structure:

(a) the greatest road system was the IH, which ,over 2500 miles long and extending...

   Which后面需要加verb

(b) the greatest road system

   *was the IH ....

   *and extended..... Parallel

(c) the greatest road system, the IH, which was...and extended... No verb

=My brother, Jesse, who lives in San Francisco.

(d) the greatest road system ,the IH, being .... Was extended....

(1)Starting a Modifier with “being” is generally not ok.

Being as an action noun is ok.  

E.G. Being shot is very painful.

You can start a modifier with “being ”, if you mean something ongoing in the acutal timeframe of the sentence: The model being photographed outside is my wife.

(2) was extended.. They made it longer ...Doesn’t work in context.

(e) the greatest road system, the IH was ....,extending..

Parallel structures should make sense as “bullet points”

I like swimming and lifting weights.

In terms of “bullet points”:

I like ....

  *swimming

  *lifting weights

What is the intended message?

*The sentence is meant to describe the Incan highway.

-It was the greatest road system built xxxxx

-It extended all the way from point A to point B- a distance of over 2500 miles.

例4

Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them.
A. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them
B. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete it
C. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete
D. 700,000 artisans took more than 36 years to complete
E. to complete them took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years

第一步

Parallel structure:

Remember---parallel structures should be sensible as “bullet points”

The army

*is over two thousand years old

*took lots of people a really long time to make

第二步

The book is very hard to read it.   incorrect  

=The book is very hard to read the book.   

爱哭的santa

lz这么好的东东 你要不然弄成word贴上来啊 等你哦

仝介

爱哭的santa 发表于 2015-12-23 00:19
lz这么好的东东 你要不然弄成word贴上来啊 等你哦

哈哈其实我就是弄成word再上传的

爱哭的santa

仝介 发表于 2015-12-23 23:46
哈哈其实我就是弄成word再上传的

我是说你附上word或者pdf版本拿来下载呀 论坛发言编辑内容是很费劲儿啊

仝介

哈哈哈所以我后来都copy一下粘贴一下 不管了