【愈发】失忆月愈发鸡精 by agnesjs（12.23更新）

youyouluvyou

语法君，今天做gwd看到一道题的知识点跟jj里面13的saying考点类似：
The Environmental Protection Agency’s proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying that the move will exacerbate the nation’s fuel supply problems.

A.        on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying
B.        on both diesel fuel and engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and they say
C.        on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, which says
D.        both on diesel fuel and engines has sparked the oil industry to a counterattack, saying
E.        both on diesel fuel and diesel engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and it says

答案是c

但是industry不是人，是物

求总结下

S_Francis

谢谢语法君，补充语法君提到的几个知识点：
第一个是那个which 和分词修饰结构【把ed的也加上了】
        G. Which vs. 分词修饰结构
                1. Which只能修饰在他之前的名词，不能修饰一个句子，但是在S.V.O(O为n1 of n2的结构中，which修饰n1或者n2都可以)
                        · e.g Early rock and roll music,like jazz and the blues, celebrated characteristics of urban life that 【根据逻辑语义判断that 修饰的是characteristics】were only disparaged……
                        · 【定语从句的先行词跳跃修饰结构-N1 of N2, which/that，到底修饰N1,N2看语义】： A south American bird that forages for winged termites and other small insects while swinging upside down from the foliage of tall trees,  the graveteiro belongs to the ovenbird family, a group【种群包含品种】 of New World tropical birds that includes more than 230 species and is represented in virtually every kind of habitat.
                2. -ing分词做修饰语：考察重点是ing结构和逻辑主语是否match
                        a. 做形容词，直接修饰名词: the changing season
                                □ ATTENTION【OG13/SR】: 判断这个词到底是做修饰语还是一个动作主要参考以下途径—如raising interest rates 到底是“提高利率”这个动作作为一个整体，还是“提高的利率”【复数】作为整体可以采取interest rates 是否可以raise来检验；如果可以则raising这个词是修饰语，修饰的是复数名词rates,谓语用复数；如果不是则表示的是一个动作，谓语按照一个整体看用单数
                        b. 修饰动词和动词主语，表示伴随：I lifted the weight,whistling. 
                        c. Special situation:主系表结构中（逗号隔开），由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是v-ing结构仍然修饰的是整个主系表结构整体。所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语（如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物）
                                □ e.g.For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against enemy arrows and spears.(不使用不定式的原因：The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items)
                                □ e.g .The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation’s air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting 【注意还有一个平行结构and】fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.
                        d. 可以修饰一个句子，形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构
                                □ e.g Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood,leading to a rise in property values.
                        e. 几个比较特殊的verb：worry&aim&concern
                                □ 【OG11/SC25】The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
                                        A. aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
                                        B. aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
                                        C. aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
                                        D. the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving 
                                        E. with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
                                        · 本题比较明显的考察的是and为标志的平行结构，因此B,C,D都排除。剩下A和E，aim这个词和worry，concern一样存在be aimed at/aim at两种形式表示的是同一种意思，所以无聊是C中的aiming还是A中的aimed at形式都是对的。E项的错误在于违反了动词＞名词＞动名词的规律而且with也导致后面修饰的内容变成附属关系，和题目意思不符合.所以最终选A
                                        · Be aimed at=aim at
                                        · Be concerned about=concern about
                                        · Be worried about=worry about
                        f. Having done 结构
                                1) 该结构不能作为名词结构，因此不可以用该结构做主语
                                2) having done可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰【没有逗号就是不对的】
                                3) having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前
                                4) When having done 结构一定错，因为不应该有 when。单是 Having done 就够了。Have 有很多地方与正牌动词不同，When 后就不能用 having 了。原因是 having done 是过去，而 when 是当时，所以有冲突
                3. -ed结构做修饰语：考察重点是-ed结构和逻辑主语是否match，此外-ed结构比-ing结构多一个被动表达，这点也要注意
                        a. 【OG11-SC63】Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
                        (A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place;one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
                        (B) If used repeatedly in the same place,one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.【reason和used逻辑关系不对】
                        (C) If used repeatedly in the same place,one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.
                        (D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason,if used repeatedly in the same place,certain pesticides can become ineffective.【同B一样，存在修饰逻辑不清楚的问题，used到底是修饰reason还是pesticide不明晰】
(E)The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place.【比较逻辑不正确，不能用finding和in those进行对比且those的指代不明确，另外one reason那里是一个同位语从句，that不可以省略】

S_Francis

然后which那个不能修饰一道题，补充一个GWD的题目
        b) 【GWD 58-20,Modification】In an effort to reduce the number of fires started by cigarettes, a major tobacco company is test-marketing a cigarette in which thin layers of extra paper are used to decrease the amount of oxygen entering the cigarette, thereby slowing the rate at which it burns and lowering the heat it generates.
                A. In which thin layers of extra paper are used to decrease the amount of oxygen entering the cigarette, thereby slowing【此处的slowing是现在分词表结果，表示的是前面整个设计可以导致rate下降以及heat降低】
                B. In which they use thin layers of extra paper in decreasing the amount of oxygen entering the cigarette, which slows【which不能代指一件事，如果按照就近修饰原则which修饰的是cigarette则逻辑含义不对】
                C. That uses thin layers of extra paper to decrease the amount of oxygen when it【代词指代不明，it可以指代layers，可以指代amount等】 enters the cigarette, thereby slowing
                D. For which thin layers of extra paper are used to decrease the amount of oxygen that enters the cigarette, and thereby slowing【and讲求并列，逻辑关系很重点！这里的and结构按照形式应该和前面并列的是test-marketing，然逻辑含义不对；实际含义应该是和enters并列，但是这样和前面部分的动词形式不匹配】
Using thin layers of extra paper in decreasing the amount of oxygen entering the cigarette, which slows【问题同B】

S_Francis

主谓一致的话，其实语法君已经总结的挺全的，我配了点题：
2. 主谓一致考点：
        1. 迷惑型的单数单词：
                1. 学科：mathematics,physics(带着s但是谓语需要单数形式)
                2. 活动：aerobics(有氧健身法)
                3. 疾病：diabetes(糖尿病)，hepatitis（肝炎），meningitis（脑膜炎）
                4. 单位类：dollars，minutes，pounds--谓语是单数
                5. 其他：citrus(柠檬，柑橘)，discus(铁饼),species(取决于修饰语的单复数)，media（使用复数）
                        1. 【OG13-SC/67】The 32 species that（干扰的that修饰形式） make up(已经表明主语是复数) the dolphin family are closely related to wales and in fact include（修饰的是species）……
                        2. 【OG13-SC/06】Diabetes……谓语动词得是单数
                        3. 【GWD 14-18,media是复数形式,medium是单数形式】Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing and technology.
                                A. Analyzing campaign expenditures, the media has had as a focus
                                B. Analyses of campaign expenditures by the media has been focus on【除了谓语动词之外，语义也改变了】
                                C. In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on
                                D. Media analyses of campaign expenditures have had as a focus
                                E. In their analysis of campaign expenditures, the media has been focusing on
                                · A,B,E均是主谓不一致；D项主语改变，原文想说的是media而非analyse【原文意思还是要从A项即题干中看主要表达】
                6. 集合名词和隐形复数：集合名词是单数形式但是指代复数概念，在GMAT考试中几乎都是单数出现
                        1. people:agency,army,audience,class,committee,team……
                        2. items:baggage,citrus,equipment,fleet,fruit,furniture
                        3. 隐形复数（需要根据谓语动词来判断）:
                                a. 【OG/SC/114】Starfish,with anywhere from five to eight arms have a strong……（下文的指代必须是复数形式）
                                b. Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their
                                previous campaigns,it had provisions for only twenty-four days.【it指代army，因此应该是单数形式】
                                A. they had in their previous campaigns
                                B. their previous campaigns had had
                                C. they had for any previous campaign
                                D. in their previous campaigns
                                E. for any previous campaign
                7. doing+n.:如果可以翻译成n is doing，那么doing就是这个名词的修饰；如果不可以，就是动名词（rising interest rates=interest rates are rising,所以后面的动词应该跟着rates走）
        2. 常考结构
                1. 几个容易引起主语不明显的简单结构：of mice/for mike/by 1800/In Zambia/with her/at that level
                2. s,修饰语,v+o—修饰语会干扰主语位置的判断
                        · e.g.【OG13-SC/7】The intricate complex structure of the compound insect eye,having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia,helps explain……(having在里面修饰的是就近的compound insect eyes;helps需要和主语中的a部分the intricate structure一致)
                3. a of b that v+o  a是核心词，a来决定单复数(OG/SC3,16,79)
                        1. e.g【OG13-SC/30】Paleontologist believe that fragments（主语） of a primate jawbone unearthed（谓语1） in Burma and estimated（谓语2：固定用法estimate to be） at 40 to 44 million years old provide(谓语3) evidence of……
                4. a in b,主语看的还是a，但是如果后面接了定语从句或者v-ing就是就近修饰b了
                        1. e.g 【OG13-SC/3】Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finally……
                        2. Lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that,in turn,create unconscious physiological responses.
                5. One of noun(pl.)that v+o, v使用复数形式，因为修饰的是就近noun
                        1. Trap structure: (not) one of the+名词复数+单数形式谓语；Not one of =none of
                6. Many of/a (large) number of/numbers of+复数主语+谓语复数（有3个常考陷阱：第一个是of后面那个复数主语前面有很多修饰词导致主语混乱而忽略复数；第二个是many of后面加的是可数名词的复数形式，不可以填不可数名词；第三个是many后面的动词复数形式）
                        § e.g. A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins(二恶英) to which North Americans are exposed come from the incineration(焚化) of wastes.
                7. All of n. 结构：all of其实相当于前置冠词，单复数看名词部分就可以
                        · 类似结构包括：part of, some of, most of, lots of, one-third of, half of
                        · 特殊注意：none of, none 带有单数的意思，修饰复数可数名词谓语可以是单数也可以是复数
                8. Little 以及few对应修饰的名词是否可数
                        § 【OG11-SC88】Down-zoning,zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where little water or services exist.
                        A. Little water or services exist【or存在并列关系，little不能修饰可数名词services】
                        B. Little water or services exists【or考察就近原则，services对应的动词应该是exist】
                        C. Few services and little water exists【and并列关系，谓语动词应该是复数】
                        D. There is little water or services available【little不能修饰可数名词services】
                        E. There are few services and little available water
                9. An overwhelming proportion of ..."是一个数量表达，逻辑上本身虽然是单数，但是语法上却视为复数，因为它所代表的women是复数的，还有很多类似的表达比如percentages, proportions, fractions等
                        1. e.g.【Prep08/SC249】In Hungary, as in much of Eastern Europe【对比对象要一致】, an overwhelming proportion of women work【不是works】, many of them in middle management and light industry.
                10. It is X that does Y/clause结构（形式主语是X所以谓语动词需要和形式主语匹配）
                        1. It is the fixed costs【 that stem from building nuclear plants】 that make it more expensive ……
                11. 随前一致：along with,as well as, in addition to,together with,there be
                        1. 特殊：including 连接不同的名词只是起到修饰作用，主语还是在前面不会改变单复数，谓语动词还是根据主语走
                        2. e.g saying that their compliance with laws（修饰主语） requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting……
                        3. 误区：不要看到as well as就开始想随前一致
                                1. 【OG11/SC104】The Federalist papers,a strong defense of the United States Constitution as well as an important body[as well as前后的平行] of work in political science,represent the handiwork of three different authors. 【真正的主语是Federalist Papers,因此对应的谓语是represent而非represents】
                12. 随后一致：not only…but also…;not …but…
                        · e.g.Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.
                        · But 则需要注意是否充当定语: Everyone but a few complete idiots was able to see that.
                13. 几个非限制性代词
                        1. or/either or/neither nor
                                1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语就是单数；复数就是复数
                                        1. e.g Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
                                2. 若仅仅只有either或者neither，没有or,nor则谓语一定用单数
                                        1. e.g Neither the children is going to school.
                        2. each&every
                                1. each&every两个词如果放在单数前用单数
                                        1. e.g Every dog and cat has paws.
                                2. each&every 两个词如果放在复数之后用复数
                                        1. e.g They each are great tennis player.
                                3. we each + 复数/Each of us +单数
                14. Flip it(倒装)
                        1. 原则：主语的单复数向后看，判断倒装句的单复数要看谓语动词后面主语的单复数
                        2. e.g Near those buildings sits a lonely house,inhabited by squatters.
        3. Summary
                1. 判断真正的主语：喜欢使用模糊主语的结构来干扰对于主语的判断（分为主语后方的长修饰词和定语从句修饰就近部分两种情况）
代词的单复数：代词的单复数和主语一致，需要判断真正的代指到底是什么，在OG的错题中多数都是代词上出的问题（代词还一般指代的是需要判断的真正主语）

S_Francis

youyouluvyou 发表于 2015-12-20 15:20
语法君，今天做gwd看到一道题的知识点跟jj里面13的saying考点类似：
The Environmental Protection Agency ...

这个题比较tricky的，得看逻辑语义来解释。

S_Francis

youyouluvyou 发表于 2015-12-20 15:20
语法君，今天做gwd看到一道题的知识点跟jj里面13的saying考点类似：
The Environmental Protection Agency ...

Actually, "which" should indeed refer to the oil industry, because the oil industry is saying that the proposal will exacerbate the nation's fuel supply problems.
this is a response to the proposal, not the content of the proposal itself.--这个是Ron的解释

S_Francis

1）due to & because of
        • 位置，不放在句首
        • 加简单名词，不能出现sb's doing的复杂名词（as result of 还有despite还有because of也是）
        • 逻辑关系对应，due to=attributed to=caused by,postponent-due to rain
        • 表示原因的时候in that/because 优于due to/because of/accounts for
        • Because of + bad consequences

2）可数名词和不可数名词的修饰问题
        • Amount of+不可数名词/集合名词--表示的是总量
        • Number of+可数名词--表示的个数
        • Comparison with+不可数名词
        • Comparison of A to B、comparison of A with B【都是可数的】

3）几个固定用法
        • Mandatory/mandate +虚拟语气时，should省略
        • Not to mention=let alone【选后面那个的原因是那个选项的部分平行，都是动词原形】,还有就是let alone用在居中
        • Although yet绝对不能连用
        • S，插入语，V中V前面绝对不能出现代表S的代词或者重复S
        • Have no time and patience to do
        • Part of/percentage of +n.,谓语动词单复数看n的形式
        • X,Y and Z
        • Reduce from A to B
        • A is to B, what C is to D
        • Nous that be/which be/who be adj.冗余
        • Being 结构的冗余：
                ○ being+ n.
                ○ as being+ n./adj./v- ing  
                ○ being+ adj.直接用形容词更好
        • Even as=at the same time
        • Even while=这样看来，甚至……的时候
        • Even when=即便在……时
Except for+不同类名词

S_Francis

剩下的大点就是平行、比较里面的omitted work还有独立主格和modification里面的分词&which修饰，算是给明天的考试攒人品啦！

zymhtz

LZ辛苦了……不能做点什么只好顶一下了