【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-14】

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1. The number of airplanes equipped with a new
anticollision device has increased steadily during the
past two years. During the same period, it has become
increasingly common for key information about an
airplane’s altitude and speed to disappear suddenly
from air traffic controllers’ screens. The new
anticollision device, which operates at the same
frequency as air traffic radar, is therefore responsible
for the sudden disappearance of key information.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
30" (Weak)
P: A new anticollision device has been recently installed with most airplanes.
P: During the same period some key info of the plane's altittude and speed disappear on the controller's screen.P: The device has the same frequencey with the radar.
C: The device is responsible for  the key info missing.
Pre: The redar is not responsible for the altitude and speed info.
   Some other possible reason influence the radar or directly to the key info.

Answers:(A) The new anticollision device has already
prevented a considerable number of mid-air
collisions.
   No missing info mentioned, irrelevant.

(B) It was not until the new anticollision device
was introduced that key information first
began disappearing suddenly from
controllers’ screens.
   Kinda support.

(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be
moved to a different frequency within the
next two to three months.
   Irrelevant.

(D) Key information began disappearing from
controllers’ screens three months before the
new anticollision device was first tested.
   CORRECT: info started missing b4 the device was first installed.
(Didn't pre this reason...)

(E) The sudden disappearance of key information
from controllers’ screens has occurred only at
relatively large airports.

   Even only at some airports, it's still possible it's because of the new device.


53.  
When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee.  Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful.  Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.

Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
27" (Conclusion)
P: An inconclusive result of a polygraph test: failed, without no useful info of the examinee.
P: Interviewers still wouldn't hire examinees with such test results.
C: Interviewers could make wrong decisions based on the inconclusive test result.
Pre:

Answers:
(A) Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
(B) Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
(C) An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
   CORRECT
(D) A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
(E) Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.


54.
Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers.  Basing their judgment on the fact that different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles, researchers have concluded that the bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the researchers?

33" (Support)
P: Adult bird decorates the nest, and birds from difference area do it in defferent ways
P:
C: Skills of the nest decoration is culturally heritaged rather than genetically.
Pre: baby birds don't know how to do it.
   adult birds didn't grow up with parents don't know how to do it.

Answers:
(A) There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bowerbuilding styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively.
(B) Young male bowerbirds are inept at bowerbuilding and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style.
   CORRECT
(C) The bowers of one species of bowerbird lack the towers and ornamentation characteristic of the bowers of most other species of bowerbird.
(D) Bowerbirds are found only in New Guinea and Australia, where local populations of the birds apparently seldom have contact with one another.
(E) It is well known that the song dialects of some songbirds are learned rather than transmitted genetically.



55.
According to the Tristate Transportation Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter rail line would increase ridership dramatically.  The authority plans to finance these improvements over the course of five years by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves.  Although the proposed improvements are indeed needed, the authority's plan for securing the necessary funds should be rejected because it would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit.

Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the effectiveness of the authority's plan to finance the proposed improvements by increasing bridge tolls?
59" (Weak)
P: improve the condition of the traffice line will attract more riders.
P: a proposed plan is about to finance the bridge by charging riders more fee to pass it.
P: charging more is unfair to the riders
C: the plan should be postponed
Pre: riders using the bridge will save cost of petrol and time

Answers:
(A) Before the authority increases tolls on any of the area bridges, it is required by law to hold public hearings at which objections to the proposed increase can be raised.
(B) Whenever bridge tolls are increased, the authority must pay a private contractor to adjust the automated toll-collecting machines.
(C) Between the time a proposed toll increase is announced and the time the increase is actually put into effect, many commuters buy more tokens than usual to postpone the effects of the increase.
   CORRECT
(D) When tolls were last increased on the two bridges in question, almost 20 percent of the regular commuter traffic switched to a slightly longer alternative route that has since been improved.    CORRECT: commuters changed to improved route which is slightly longer than thier previous choice.
(E) The chairman of the authority is a member of the Tristate Automobile Club that has registered strong opposition to the proposed toll increase.


56.  
Crops can be traded on the futures market before they are harvested.  If a poor corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures rise; if a bountiful corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures fall.  This morning meteorologists are predicting much-needed rain for the corn-growing region starting tomorrow.  Therefore, since adequate moisture is essential for the current crop's survival, prices of corn futures will fall sharply today.

Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument above?
" (Weak / Support)
P: Harvest influence the crops prices in the future market.
P: A rain for corn's better harvest has been predicted.
C: Price of corn will fall sharp in the future market.
Pre: It's just as usual years, so the price won't change.
   There's also something negative to the corn's harvest happening along with the rain.

Answers:
(A) Corn that does not receive adequate moisture during its critical pollination stage will not produce a bountiful harvest.
(B) Futures prices for corn have been fluctuating more dramatically this season than last season.
(C) The rain that meteorologists predicted for tomorrow is expected to extend well beyond the corn-growing region.
(D) Agriculture experts announced today that a disease that has devastated some of the corn crop will spread widely before the end of the growing season.
   CORRECT.
(E) Most people who trade in corn futures rarely take physical possession of the corn they trade.