SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（七) Strengthen and Paradox

sdcar2010

Strengthen and weaken are two sides of the same coin: thedifference is only the angle from which you look at the same coin(problem).

Prompts leading to strengthen:

• Whichone of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
• Whichone of the following, if true, most supports the director’s argument?
• Whichone of the following, if true, most justifies the teacher’s reasoning?
  

Prompts that ask you what most justifies the argument are strengthenprompts,while prompts that ask you what justifies the conclusion aresufficient assumption prompts.

Also, prompts that ask you which answer most supports that passageare strengthen prompts, while prompts that ask youwhich answer ismostsupported by the passage are moststrongly supported prompts.The key difference between them is: what is supporting what; is the passagesupposed to support the answer or be supported by the answer?

Approach these strengthen questions just as you would weaken questionsexcept that instead of exploiting the argument’s weakness, you are supposed touse NEW information to buttress the argument or to eliminate the weakness.

Prompt leading to paradox:

? Whichone of the following, if true, most helps to explainthe apparent paradox above?
? Whichone of the following, if true, most helps to resolvethe conflictdescribed above?
? Whichone of the following, if true, would most effectively reconcile the discrepancy described above?

Before you look at the answers:

1. Paradox questions usually give twofacts that appearincompatible. Single out these twofacts.

2. Ask yourself, “Whyone of the factsis true, even thoughthe other factis true as well?” Usually one the factswill fit better after why whilethe other fact will fit better after even though.

3. Predict a possible answer by answering your “Why . . . even though .. .” question.


Then look for the answer which best explains your “Why . . . even though . . .”question. The correct answer choice must explain why both facts might actually be true withoutcontradicting each other. Some wrong answers will explain why one fact is true without addressing the paradox.

SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（六）Weaken

SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（八）Assumptions

sdcar2010

To solve paradox is to find an answer choice which supports two seemingly contradictory premises.

sdcar2010

“Prompts that ask you what most justifies the argument are strengthen prompts, while prompts that ask you what justifies the conclusion are sufficient assumption prompts.”想请问lz，题干中有“most”的是加强题，没有的话是假设题，是这个意思么？

-- by 会员 zx19890626 (2011/8/11 22:41:10)

No. 是在“提问”中。

sdcar2010

The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.
Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the researchers’ hypothesis?

A. Even after long periods of sleep when adenosine is at its lowest concentration in the brain, the number of brain cells bound with adenosine remains very large.  
这是削弱吧？A选项意思是否是：“即使睡觉时A的浓度很低，A链接的sites数量仍然很多”
B. Caffeine, which has the effect of making people remain wakeful, is known to interfere with the binding of adenosine to sites on brain cells.
正确选项，这里是不是算取非削弱？
原文binding…sites增加→sleep
Interfere binding…sites→wakeful
C. Besides binding to sites in the brain, adenosine is known to be involved in biochemical reactions throughout the body.
biochemical reactions throughout the body无关
D. Some areas of the brain that are relatively inactive nonetheless release some adenosine. 无关
E. Stress resulting from a dangerous situation can preserve wakefulness even when brain levels of bound adenosine are high.  特例

NN,请教一下我分析的对么~~~

-- by 会员 UlysessHope (2011/10/30 20:16:37)

Good work. The key is to focus on the conclusion: onset of sleep is caused by A binds to a large number of site.

A) is wrong because it talks about AFTER onset of sleep.

sdcar2010

107. Last year all refuse collected byShelbyville city services was incinerated（焚烧）. This incineration generated a large quantity of residual ash. Inorder to reduce the amount of residual ash Shelbyville generates this year tohalf of last year’s total, the city has revamped its collection program. Thisyear city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce thenumber of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year’s number.
Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?
(A) This year, no materials that cityservices could separate for recycling will be incinerated.
(B) Separating recyclable materials frommaterials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it costlast year to dispose of the residual ash.
(C)Refuse collected by city services willcontain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did lastyear.
(D) The refuse incinerated this year willgenerate no more residual ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incineratedlast year.
(E) The total quantity of refuse collectedby Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collectedlast year.


The problem with answer A) is that you do not know the amount that the city separates NOT for recylcing and hence, will be incinerated!  Even if the city recycles all it wants, it is still possible that whatever left would be MORE the truckloads produced last year.  Since the conclusion is about the amount of ashes produced after incineration, the amount that would be recycled has no bearing on the conclusion.