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3.黑人(長) Version1 還記得作者特別提到了某一時期學者研究的缺陷——即認定北方黑人生活偏重城市,而南方黑人生活單純偏重于農村,作者認為他們忽略了南方黑人農村人口向城市遷移這一現象。 美國黑人研究 版本一: 美國黑人研究那道題我也做了……講的是美國黑人研究在不同階段關注的話題,具體的忘得差不多了,好像主要是三個部分:一個是南方的黑人移居到北方(以南北戰爭時那條著名的line為界)相關話題;二是rural和urban的黑人的情況研究(具體怎麼回事忘了);三是後期的黑人研究的範圍已經擴大到了另外的領域…… 版本二:一片是講歷史學家對African American的研究演變,大致內容是講二十世紀三、四十年代時,研究African American的歷史學者們把研究重點放在美國南部農村(rural)黑人身上,因為當時這群人占了unskilled worker總人數的80%以上。到了六、七十年代,又有歷史學者開始研究美國北部城市(urban)黑人,研究他們是如何從南部遷徙到北部工業城市成為城市工人。但是作者表示,很可惜,很少有歷史學者研究美國南部城市的African American,畢竟,黑人遷徙過程中,有一撥黑人是從南部農村遷到南部城市(遷徙行為始終沒有越過南北分界線)。而之前對南部城市黑人的少量研究也只是對該地區黑人和白人的關係進行了研究,並沒有研究黑人團體本身(Afirican American Community).不過,讓人欣慰的是,最近有人開始對南部城市的African American進行研究了,從而填補了對黑人研究的一塊空白。 題目中有考到本文的main idea,應該選對各派觀點的簡略概述(an outline of scholarship~)。 4.生物進化 Version1 第一段- 傳統觀點認為脊椎動物的雙腳是這樣進化而來的:水域乾涸之後,魚必須轉移到另一片水域去,為了適應陸地生活,雙腳逐漸進化。 第二段- 而最新的研究表明,實際上水生動物就已經有這一進化現象了。說了一個水生動物,對此生物的研究證明了以上觀點。不過它們並不是為了適應陸地生活行走的需要,而是為了呼吸水面以上的空氣。(考的都是些細節題,蠻好定位的) Version2 第一段-說的是科學家原來以為因為池塘沒水了,魚被迫上岸,才逐漸開始有了長腳的動物; 第二段-說後來發現某化石,發現已經有腳,可是各方面功能不足以支撐它在陸地行走,於是就猜測說,可能是有時候水裏沒氧氣了,就靠這兩隻“腳”支撐一下竄出水面呼吸空氣。 5.作到了一篇拉美婦女到了城裏後地位什麼的有沒有提高那篇。GWD-30-Q22-Q25 GWD30-Q22 to Q25: While acknowledging that there are greater employment opportunities for Latin Ameri- can women in cities than in the (5) countryside, social science theorists have continued to argue that urban migration has unequivocally hurt women’s status. However, (10) the effects of migration are more complex than these theorists presume. For example, effects can vary depending on women’s (15) financial condition and social class. Brazilian women in the lowest socioeconomic class have relatively greater job opportunities and job security (20) in cities than do men of the same class, although there is no compelling evidence that for these women the move to the city is a move out of pov- (25) erty. Thus, these women may improve their status in relation to men but at the same time may experience no improvement in their (30) economic standing. In addition, working out- side the home, which is more common in urban than in rural areas, helps women in the (35) lowest socioeconomic class make contacts to extend exchange networks—the flow of gifts, loans, or child care from those who currently (40) have access to resources to those who do not. More- over, poor women working in urban areas actively seek to cultivate long-term employer- (45) employee relations. When an emergency arises that requires greater resources than an exchange network can provide, these women (50) often appeal for and receive aid from their wealthy employ- ers. However, the structure of many poor women’s work—often a labor force (55) of one in an employer’s home—makes it difficult for them to organize to improve their economic conditions in general. (60) Not surprisingly, then, Latin American women in the lowest socioeconomic class differ in their opinions about the effects of urban migration (65) on their lives. Some find urban living, with access to electricity and running water, an improvement and would never return to the country- (70) side. Others, disliking the overcrowding and crime, would return to the country- side if there were work opportunities for them there. (75) Thus, urban life has had both negative and positive impacts on women’s lives. In gen- eral, urban migration has not provided economic pros- (80) perity or upward mobility for women in the lowest socio- economic class, despite their intelligent and energetic utili- zation of the resources available to them. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q22: In the first paragraph, the author refers to the experiences of Brazilian women most probably in order to - support an earlier assertion made by social science theorists about the effects of urban migration
- provide an example of one area in which urban migration has failed to improve Latin American women’s lives
- substantiate the claim that the effects of urban migration cannot be easily characterized
- illustrate the effect that urban migration has had on the economic status of Latin American women
- compare the effect that urban migration has had on the economic status of Latin American women with its effect on the economic status of Latin American men
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q23: NOTE: You must scroll to read the answer choices for this question.
Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? - Although Latin American women disagree about the effects urban migration has had on their lives, they agree that migration has provided them with greater opportunities for stable employment outside the home.
- Although urban migration has improved the quality of life for Latin American women, it has weakened the social support systems that these women enjoyed in rural communities.
- The effects that urban migration has had on Latin American women’s lives are complex and are best evaluated in light of a range of issues concerning Latin American women’s overall quality of life.
- The effects of urban migration in Latin America are different for men than they are for women because of the relatively greater job opportunities and job security enjoyed by women in urban areas.
- Urban migration has led to an increasing disparity between the economic prosperity of Latin American women in the lowest socioeconomic classes and that of women in the higher socioeconomic classes.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q24: The author mentions which of the following as a disadvantage of urban employment for Latin American women in the lowest socioeconomic group? - It is difficult for these women to obtain reliable, long-term employment.
- It is difficult for these women to organize effectively in order to obtain better wages.
- It is difficult for these women to find employers who are supportive when emergencies arise.
- The structure of their jobs makes it difficult for these women to participate in exchange networks.
- Working in urban areas makes these women more vulnerable to health problems than they would be in rural areas.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q25: The author of the passage would most likely agree that the opinions of the Latin American women discussed in the third paragraph (lines 60-85) are influenced by the
- fact that urban life has provided them with greater opportunities for upward mobility than did rural life
- relative importance they place on the benefits of urban exchange networks in comparison to those of rural networks.
- relative importance they place on the conveniences and drawbacks of urban life in comparison to those of rural life
- difference in the effects of urban migration on women of higher and lower socioeconomic classes
- difference in the effects of urban migration on men and women of the same social and economic class
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-3-18 1:10:00编辑过] |