建一个自用没看懂or花了很长时间才看懂的CR题合集

T7willG700

记录一些花了很久才能看懂的CR题，以后复习使用

我的做题心得：CR一定要多花时间在长难句上面，看懂≠做对，but看不懂=大概率做不对
看不懂en做 那不叫做题，那叫祈祷

模板

题型：
————————————————————————

逻辑链
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Plan
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Goal
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Our task
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or

Premise
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Conclusion
-
————————————————————————
OA
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当时为什么没选
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Why OA-
OE
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Why OE is tempting - 错因/难点
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解析
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————————————————————————
Takeaway

T7willG700

Source：CR 200

Certain genetically modified strains of maize produce a powerful natural insecticide. The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen. Maize pollen is dispersed by the wind and frequently blows onto milkweed plants that grow near maize fields. Caterpillars of monarch butterflies feed exclusively on milkweed leaves. When these caterpillars are fed milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from modified maize plants, they die. Therefore, by using genetically modified maize, farmers put monarch butterflies at risk.

Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?

(A) Whether the natural insecticide is as effective against maize-eating insects as commercial insecticides typically used on maize are
(B) Whether the pollen of genetically modified maize contains as much insecticide as other parts of these plants
(C) Whether monarch butterfly caterpillars are actively feeding during the part of the growing season when maize is releasing pollen
(D) Whether insects that feed on genetically modified maize plants are likely to be killed by insecticide from the plant’s pollen
(E) Whether any maize-eating insects compete with monarch caterpillars for the leaves of milkweed plants growing near maize fields

影响读懂句意的句子：

1.The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen.occur除了发生
还有存在的意思to exist or be <a  target="_blank">present</a> in, among, etc.:
2.When these caterpillars are fed milkweed leaves 【dusted with pollen】 from modified maize plants, they die



逻辑链
Premise：
maize的花粉天然杀虫剂
花粉会飘到隔壁MP，C以P为食，当C吃了撒有 M的MP叶子，then寄
Conclusion:
用了 M，C危险危险危险


OA: C

Expert Ninja
The passage said the farmers were putting the caterpillars at risk because the caterpillars were eating the insecticide filled pollen from the genetically modified maize. If the caterpillars are NOT eating the pollen because they do not eat the milkweed leaves when the pollen is being released, then we can't say the farmers are putting the caterpillars at risk.

Knowing whether monarch butterfly caterpillars feed on leaves of the milkweed plant when the maize is releasing pollen would help us evaluate the argument. This is why (C) is the answer to this question.

T7willG700

题型： Explain
In Runagia, The population of retired people receiving government pensions will increase by 5 percent over the next ten years, whereas population of working people will remain relatively constant. Government pensions are paid for entirely by a special pension tax on workers’ incomes. It does not follow that Runagia will have to increase tax rates on working people, however, since________.

(A) the average government pension in Runagia increased significantly over the past ten years
(B) immigration to Runagia has remained constant over the past ten years,
(C) a new tax enforcement policy is expected to lead to a significant decrease in the number of people who do not pay the special pension tax on their income
(D) the average number of years during which retired people collect government pensions in Runagia is expected to rise in the near future
(E) retired people in Runagia who receive government pensions typically pay taxes on any other income they receive aside from their pensions

影响题意理解的地方
题干比较简单
选项CDE没有一遍读懂 or TBH 2遍
(C) a new tax enforcement policy is expected to lead to a significant decrease in the number of people who do not pay the special pension tax on their income
1. a new tax enforcement policy —> 不是The tax policy mentioned in the text (text里边也妹有mention任何tax policy, 只是说不一定要increase tax rate on the situation that working population不变 but 退休人数上升）
2. 注意modifier，modifier限定了啥人数量减少了，是那些who do not pay the special pension tax on their income数量减少了 而政府养老金的来源就是the special pension tax
✔
虽然
(D) the average number of years during which retired people collect government pensions in Runagia is expected to rise in the near future
during which 在CR RC中看到直接当that处理
方向反了呀 不能解释这discrepancy反倒是更迷惑了

(E) retired people in Runagia who receive government pensions typically pay taxes on any other income they receive aside from their pensions


逻辑链
- The population of retired people receiving government pensions will increase by 5 percent over the next ten years
- population of working people will remain relatively constant.
- Government pensions are paid for entirely by a special pension tax on workers’ incomes.
Discrepancy: It does not follow that Runagia will have to increase tax rates on working people
要钱的多了，交税的少了，还不提高税率
欸 那钱从何来呢
OA
C

T7willG700

Science journalist: A study led by Dr. Elaine Hardman shows that consuming walnuts reduces the risk of breast cancer in at least some types of mice. The study compared the effects of a typical diet and a diet containing walnuts. During the study period, the group whose diet included walnuts developed breast cancer at less than half the rate of the typical-diet group. In addition, the number and sizes of tumors were significantly smaller.

Which of the following would, if true, most undermine the journalist's reasoning?

(A) The mice used in the study received the walnuts directly as food and indirectly through their mothers when they were in utero and while they were nursing.
(B) The amount of walnuts in the daily test diet equates to about two human servings of walnuts.
(C) Walnuts contain multiple ingredients that, individually, have been shown in other studies to reduce the risk of cancer or slow its growth.
(D) In the study’s mice, the walnut-containing diet changed the activity of multiple genes that are relevant to breast cancer in both mice and humans.
(E) To keep total dietary fat balanced in the mouse groups, unhealthy fats that lower resistance to disease were reduced by an amount equal to the amount of healthy fats added by the walnuts.

题型：
削弱


逻辑链
-
Premise
方法：The study compared the effects of a typical diet and a diet containing walnuts.
结果：
1. During the study period, the group whose diet included walnuts developed breast cancer at less than half the rate of the typical-diet group.
2. The number and sizes of tumors were significantly smaller.
Conclusion
A study led by Dr. Elaine Hardman shows that consuming walnuts reduces the risk of breast cancer in at least some types of mice.
由果推因
果 - the group whose diet included walnuts developed breast cancer at less than half the rate of the typical-diet group.
因 - walnuts reduces the risk of breast cancer
削弱：
1. 因果倒置 这里不行 不能是因为没有cancer才吃坚果
2. 找他因
3. 有因无果
4. 有果无因
5. 数据错误

影响题意理解的地方
选项E，绕，就en绕
意思就是 unhealthy fats 减少了 -- 他因
OA
E
解析
先生你好小姐你好 妹有解析，把E选项背了

T7willG700

11. Sodium sulfate has long been used in powdered laundry detergents as a filler to add bulk, and has also been used in concentrated liquid detergents in lesser amounts. As concentrated liquid detergents become increasingly popular, detergent manufacturers have been buying less sodium sulfate. Yet within the last year sodium sulfate producers have been surprised by an increase in demand from detergent manufacturers, given that sales of powdered laundry detergent remained unchanged.

In light of the information given, which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increased demand for sodium sulfate?

(A) Many consumers who own older washing machines believe that the concentrated liquid detergents are unsuitable for use in their machines.
(B) There are no ingredients less expensive than sodium sulfate that detergent manufacturers could use in place of it in their powdered laundry detergents.
(C) Detergent manufacturers will often sell both a powdered detergent and a concentrated liquid detergent under the same brand name, even though the two products are obviously not exactly the same.
(D) Detergent manufacturers have discovered that increasing the amount of sodium sulfate in concentrated liquid detergents makes it possible to omit certain more expensive ingredients.
(E) One of the reasons powdered and liquid detergents contain bulk fillers is to make it unnecessary for consumers to measure precisely the amount of detergent they need to use.

题型：
explain
逻辑链

Fact 1/ Sodium sulfate has long been used

1. in powdered laundry detergents as a filler to add bulk,

2. in concentrated liquid detergents in lesser amounts.

Fact 2/  concentrated liquid detergents become increasingly popular, detergent manufacturers have been buying less sodium sulfate.

Fact 3/ Yet within the last year sodium sulfate producers have been surprised by an increase in demand from detergent manufacturers, given that sales of powdered laundry detergent remained unchanged.

人话version：

S用于洗衣粉&洗衣液，洗衣液呢用的S要少一点；

洗衣液变得更受欢迎 —> buy less S

discrepancy:

问你为什么在【洗衣液销量上升but用S少】& 【洗衣粉的销量不变】的情况下;

detergent manufacturer【整个industry 包括洗衣液&洗衣粉】对S的demand上升了

OA：Detergent manufacturers have discovered that increasing the amount of sodium sulfate in concentrated liquid detergents makes it possible to omit certain more expensive ingredients.

在洗衣液中添加s可以帮助omit掉更贵的成分 --> 好耶 买它买它买它

given fact【洗衣液销量上升】

explain : )

T7willG700

The price of titanium dioxide, a key ingredient in house paint, is increasing due to limited supplies because many mining companies that once produced titanium ore have shifted production to other ores. Without titanium dioxide,  . Companies that produce paint have concluded that they will soon need to increase the prices on the paint they produce.

Which of the following would, if true, most strongly support the companies’ conclusion?

A Prices for paint ingredients other than titanium dioxide are not likely to increase.

B Plants that make titanium dioxide from titanium ore can be idled and restarted relatively quickly.

C The production cost of paint without titanium dioxide is not low enough to make such paint economically viable to compete with paint containing titanium dioxide.

D Because of recent increases in the price of titanium ore, mining companies that shifted production to other ores are now shifting back to producing titanium ore.

E Manufacturers of paint typically contract with chemical makers to lock in the price for at least a year's supply of titanium dioxide at a time.

题型：support

逻辑链
Premise
paint原材料TD供应减少 —> TD价格上升

No TD —> paint颜色浅需要更多paint
Conclusion
油漆公司：涨价预告

影响题意理解的地方

Without titanium dioxide, paint colors are less bright and more coasts of paint must be applied to compensate.

coast here就是量词，没啥意义，可以不看 就是more paint must be applied

题干analysis

成本=TD价格+其他原材料价格  
TD原材料涨价，paint公司有两条路可以走
方法1. 继续用涨价的原材料TD
成本=TD价格?+其他原材料价格  
—> 原材料涨价了 cost上升，定价也得高 = soon need to increase the prices on the paint

方法2. 不使用涨价的原材料TD, 不用了
Without titanium dioxide, paint colors are less bright and more coasts of paint must be applied to compensate
成本=TD价格+其他原材料价格+多使用的其他原材料（applied to compensate for less brightness）的价格
—>  是否能得出一定涨价结论取决于 多使用的其他原材料（applied to compensate for less brightness）的价格> TD价格
a. if > then 支持涨价conclusion，given TD已经涨价了，换成TD也不能减少cost
b. if《 then no support，因为成本不变or更少
方法2的情况b可以用于削弱conclusion 【Companies that produce paint have concluded that they will soon need to increase the prices on the paint they produce】.因为成本不变，涨价涨什么玩意一天天的不许涨

OA
The production cost of paint without titanium dioxide is not low enough to make such paint economically viable to compete with paint containing titanium dioxide.

Why 当时排除OA

现在的情况：油漆中一种成分TD价格上升了 ——>油漆公司要涨价

要加强

那选项C说了现在这个价格就已经竞争不过，你还加价，加价后不更加没得玩吗

错因：wrongly assumed that conclusion中的paint 公司因为TD原材料价格的上升已经跑去用其他的材料替代了 ×

题干中并没有这么说，题干只是present了两点

1.  mining companies that once produced titanium ore have shifted production to other ores

2. 如果木有TD要花更多paint

OA人话version：
方法2的cost is not low enough to make such paint economically viable to compete with 方法1的cost
题干已给出fact TD就是贵了

所以含有TD的paint——方法1的cost一定是涨的

可能的削弱方向

使用方法2：如果其他成分很便宜，便宜到到一定程度，用方法2，使用其他成分代替TD，哪怕闭着眼往paint里面加，都比方法1（继续使用含有TD的油漆，但不用使用更多）要便宜，or比之前（TD涨价之前）更便宜，那么涨价就不是必须的了

OA排除了可能的削弱选项，从而加强,，现在告诉你用方法2成本也一定是涨的
not low enough to compete = 使用方法1反而更便宜  ->还不如继续用含有TD的paint呢 还更便宜
就是说我们以上削弱conclusion的方法2情况b不存在

再复读机一遍

without TD 比 with TD less economically viable，就是我只能去选择用方法1 —— 继续使用TD，哪怕它涨价了

因为可能存在的alternative（以上方法2） -- 不使用TD but用更多的paint to compensate the color -- 被否决了 （成本更高）

加强conclusion：结论是要increase the price on the paint they produce，

一定要涨价！以上两种方法不管哪种都会increase the price，妹有better alternative哦，只能涨价啦sry mate

OE

D. Because of recent increases in the price of titanium ore, mining companies that shifted production to other ores are now shifting back to producing titanium ore.

为什么选D：忘记题目类型 淦

D为什么错

方向反了, 要增强要涨价，D削弱了

GMAC老头 CR错误选项惯用套路之一：exact opposite direction (tempting by presenting info that relates perfectly to the argument, but just in the wrong manner)

T7willG700

In the country of Malan, companies caught dumping industrial waste illegally on public property will soon face fines. Fines at fixed amount per violation have been proposed. Critics object that such mixed fines would encourage companies to be violators to make sure each violation pays, which they would do by dumping so much waste that the savings, relative to the costs of legal disposal, exceed the fine.
The critics objection assumes which of the following?
A Companies convicted of illegal dumping on public property will not be required to clean up the site and to dispose of the recovered waste properly.
C The cost of disposing the industrial waste legally is less per unit of volume If the qualities disposed of are large rather than small.
D Much illegal dumping is a perpetuation of customary practices rather than a defiant response to legal restrictions.能排除但有单词
E Fines based on volume of illegally dumped industrial waste would be no more difficult to assess than fixed fines.

题型：
assumption
逻辑链
*Premise

马保国，不是，在马国
- 乱掉垃圾 will soon face fines.
Proposal: Fines at fixed amount per violation have been proposed

*Conclusion
Critics: 我不认可你这个proposal
理由：会导致公司屯到一定数量再扔，不会起到震慑作用让公司采取leagally丢垃圾的方式，反而促进了公司采用非法丢的方式，因为比合法方式便宜

影响题意理解的地方
长难句：Critics object that [such mixed fines would encourage companies to be violators to make sure (that) each violation pays (pays here 可以理解为pay back -- 值得), 【which they would do by dumping so much waste that the savings, （relative to the costs of legal disposal 插入语，修饰名词the savings), exceed the fine】.


人话version
不是要按照fixed amount per violation来罚款吗，格局打开，我丢一包也是丢，那我丢一伯包也是丢
我屯个763包再丢不香吗，你罚的款给你当工资了hehe 反正比我自己legally扔便宜
哥们要保证交的罚款物有所值啊！
OA
读懂了就是好做，选A

解析
A选项取非： Companies convicted of illegal dumping on public property will be required to clean up the site and to dispose of the recovered waste properly.
那就省不了钱啦，还费力，省钱鬼才公司只能乖乖用合法方式丢哦TAT

T7willG700

House cats suffering from hyperthyroidism——A condition characterized by weight loss, hyperactivity and eventually heart disease——often show high blood levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), a chemical used as a fire retardant in rugs and furniture covers. Clearly the use of PBDE for this purpose can contribute to hyperthyroidism in house cats.

Which of the following would, if true, most weakens the argument?

A Any sensitivity to PBDE that a house cat may have is at least partly based on genetic factors.

D Some diseases other than hypothyroidism produce symptoms in house cats like those produced by hyperthyroidism.

E The effects of hyperthyroidism in house cat include an inability to expel PBDE from the blood.

题型：
削弱
逻辑链
*Premise
得H病的猫猫血液里有high blood levels of PBDE（一种用于FR的化学物质）

*Conclusion
PBDE的使用导致了猫得病

模型：由果推因

果-现象-得H病的猫猫血液里 PBDE浓度高

因-PBDE导致了猫得H病

削弱

OA:E 因果倒置，不是因为PBDE导致了猫得H病，而是因为得了H病导致PBDE排不出去

类比：不是因为寂寞才想你，只是因为想你才寂寞（不是

argument：NBA球星个子都很高 所以得出结论打球让人长高

不是因为打篮球导致个子高，而是因为只有个子高的人才更有机会去NBA打球

错误选项D

Some diseases other than hypothyroidism produce symptoms in house cats like those produced by hyperthyroidism.

题型：
削弱
逻辑链
*Premise
得H病的猫猫血液里有high blood levels of PBDE（一种用于FR的化学物质）

*Conclusion
PBDE的使用导致了猫得病

选项 - 一些除了H以外的疾病和H产生相似的症状，so what？we DONT CARE about disease or symptons of disease other than H

我们的目标只有一个 削弱PBDE的使用导致了猫得病这个结论！

错误选项A

A. Any sensitivity to PBDE that a house cat may have is at least partly based on genetic factors.

对PBDE的敏感度至少在一定程度上取决于基因factors

IDC

不能削弱 PBDE的使用导致了猫得H病这个conclusion

T7willG700

Some Nolex corporation employees who use video display terminals daily for extended periods experience vision-related problems such as blurred vision or headaches. Since these problems do not affect all users of these terminals and are quickly and entirely reversible through simple modifications to individual terminals and work spaces, Nolex’s current policy of undertaking modifications only when an employee reports vision-related problems is not detrimental to any employee’s physical well-being.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

B Nolex employees who use video display terminal for extended periods at work do not also use them extensively at home.
D Nolex employees who experience vision-related problems at work from the use of video display terminal will in fact report such problems to their employers.


题型：
assumption

逻辑链


*Premise
- Some employees who use video display terminals experience vision-related problems
- 但是
1. these problems do not affect all users of these terminals
2. are quickly and entirely reversible through simple modifications to individual terminals and work spaces

*Conclusion
Nolex’s current policy of undertaking modifications only when an employee reports vision-related problems is not detrimental to any employee’s physical well-being.


OA V.S. tempting OE
B Nolex employees who use video display terminal for extended periods at work do not also use them extensively at home.
取非：Nolex employees who use video display terminal for extended periods at work do also use them extensively at home.
employees who use video display terminal for extended periods at work在家也这样过度使用
我的conclusion是这个current policy（which is only undertake modifications when employees report problems）对员工的physical well-being没有任何不利影响
而在家里也过分使用对wellbeing有害的terminal，那这个policy就没用了啊，在家怎么跟你report

至今还不知道这题思路错在哪，先走先走，反正做了两遍我都没选B 先去管真正错了的题 之后再看说不定有新思路

D Nolex employees who experience vision-related problems at work from the use of video display terminal will in fact report such problems to their employers.
取非：Nolex employees who experience vision-related problems at work from the use of video display terminal will NOT in fact report such problems to their employers.
这些可怜打工人自己独自默默承受这份痛苦，then our conclusion【current policy is not detrimental to any employee’s physical well-being】 collapse
：）EZPZ

影响题意理解的地方
1.
S V O
Nolex’s current policy 【of undertaking modificationsonly when an employee reports vision-related problems adv. 修饰undertake】 is not detrimental to any employee’s physical well-being.
提SVO 没事这次不记得咱们下次记得 训练到看到这种恶心东西直接提SVO，想都不带想，刻入DNA

2.

People 【who experience vision-related problems as a result of their use of video display terminals】 typically experience these problems 【every day that use their terminal】


知道OA为什么对，但是不知道为什么OE错

T7willG700

Which of the following most logically completes the argument? Before the nineteenth century in Europe, grain, which was mostly eaten as bread or porridge, was often stored in conditions that allowed the growth of certain fungi. These fungi produce a toxin that when ingested increases susceptibility to disease unless the toxin has been exposed to boiling temperatures for an extended period. Therefore, before the nineteenth century the Europeans' reliance on grain reduced their resistance to disease, since __________. (A) bread and porridge were often prepared in ways that raised the temperature to the boiling point only for a brief period (B) each family typically stored a winter's supply of grain in a wooden or stone granary (C) the toxin-producing fungi have a distinctive aroma that enables people to distinguish contaminated from uncontaminated grain (D) there were a large number of infectious diseases prevalent in Europe at that time (E) people who are malnourished are more likely than those who are well fed to be susceptible to disease 题型： 增强 逻辑链 *Premise 19th C 欧洲 grain, which was mostly eaten as bread or porridge, was often stored in conditions that allowed the growth of certain fungi. These fungi produce a toxin that when ingested increases susceptibility to disease unless the toxin has been exposed to boiling temperatures for an extended period. *Conclusion before the nineteenth century the Europeans' reliance on grain reduced their resistance to disease OA V.S. OE 句子 impedient to my understanding of the passage These fungi produce a toxin that when ingested increases susceptibility to disease unless the toxin has been exposed to boiling temperatures for an extended period. why/where不懂：为什么有两个verb，谁才是verb 答：倒装！ 正确语序：These fungi produce a toxin that increases susceptibility to disease when ingested unless the toxin has been exposed to boiling temperatures for an extended period. 选A 没啥难度，就这个句子没看懂