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翻译：
JC研究了电话交换台的现代化对交换台维护工作和工人的影响。该研究的杰出贡献在于回答了科技决定论和社会构成论在科技历史性和社会性的争论。
C认为，科技的特点对工作技能和结构体制有着决定性的影响。甚至说，科技是社会和管理结构的主要决定因素。C所认为的这种可能性被最近的社会学风潮所歪曲。具体说来，（C的理论）被B分析成，机械化方式反映社会选择。B认为，科技体系的形态是从属于管理层的需求，用来控制工人的劳动流程。科技的改变被解释为，在机械化设计和配置中的利益体之间为获取各自利益谈判的结果。这一观点反映了社会构成论这一新主流（思潮）。
构成论者通过曲解科技决定论，获得了认可：科技决定论者应该是认为，比如，机械化把适当形式的规则强加于社会。或者，构建者认为，换句话说，科技存在于社会以外，直接影响技能和结构体制。[constructivists 认为tech deterministst的观点A/B, A=B]
C通过理论和经验上的论述，反驳构建论者的极端性。理论上，他定义“科技”是社会和科技变量的关系（tech=relationship）。试图把科技贬低成冰冷坚硬的金属，一定会失败，因为（for conj.）机械化只是散碎品，除非在功能上被组织起来，并被合适的运行和维护系统支撑(像SC那样简单的谈机械化，是不对的。因为科技使科技变量和社会发生了关系，所以机械化被organized funtioanlly and supported，像碎片的机械化才被得以组织起来利用)。经验上，C展示了，在电话转换台从密集维护的机电转化到半电力转化系统的改变，是如何改变工作任务，技能，培训机会，行政和工人结构体制的。C认为一些改变是因为管理层和工会协商下科技引用的特殊方式；而其他的则是因为科技自身的能力和特性。因此，C借以回答：社会选择该何时决断，科技的固有特性何时更重要？
原文 P412
Jon Clark's study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism. Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager's desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism. The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization. Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
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发表于 2015-3-30 15:02:08
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