7月31日5.00 p.m.上海腾飞大厦机经

yayawu939

临时兴起准备申请，复习了3天去考GMAT了，勉强上7，熟悉了一下考试,程，准备二战，数学差4份满分，怨念

坐稳：
sales in local clothing stores have reported decline while local home products stores reported increase, hence the business manager at a department store recommends to seize the opportunity, therefore to downsize local clothing stores while enlarge the size of home furnishing and home products stores

我提出的明显错误： 1. 错误类比，store和department store不同 2. 论证不足，缺乏依据证明导致不同store下降的原因是market trend，有可能是多种原因，这边可以展开，再举些其他例子 3.论证和执行脱节，即使真的是market trend，不代表需要增大或减小department store的setting，可以通过其他途径等

IR
1. 几种辣椒的辣度、最大包装均价、最小包装均价等一张表格，数字都是我写的dummy number，右边是3个问题，选yes or no， 通过筛选条件排序可以秒选，不难读懂的

Peper  Variation	Heat range	Largest package  avg price	X	X	X
A	2	4
B	3	1
C	4	3
D	2	3

2.折线图，噜猪失忆了

3. 很大长短文章配图标，说自然火灾对森林有好处，政府在1972年颁布了一个法律，2003年又颁布一个新法律，然后另一个tab是一个table显示森林大火和fire number
然后3个选项选yes or no，来对比1973和2003法律的情况，好像还有计算（再次重申，数字都是假的，小伙伴们请脑补）

Year	Fire number
1973	138y23r
1974	348y54
1975	138y23r
1976	348y55
1977	138y23r
1978	348y56
1979	138y23r
1980	348y57
1981	138y23r
1982	348y58
1983	138y23r
1984	348y59
1985	138y23r
1986	138y23r

4. 纯粹的数学题，但是一定要读题清楚啊，噜猪就是因为读错题+强迫症，导致后面没有多少时间了： 一个人有100,000欧的本金，两种投资方式： A：从本金抽出3000欧，然后以6%的年利率复利法，B：从本金抽出7000欧，然后年利率4%的年利率复利法，A种3年后和B种5年后分别接近多少欧？

A	B
√		800
		900
		1000
		1200
	√	1500

写到这里不禁震惊一下噜猪居然还能记得这么多细节的题目，等下吃饱饭再回忆一下


悦独：
1、人眼球会有minor movements来提高对stationary objects的observation，然后把人眼球和frog对比，frog的眼睛不动，所以只能看到predator approaching或者prey escaping，看不到static的动态
题目：（1）全文主旨，不难，秒选 （2）人眼和frog的区别：很明显，就是人眼会自主做minor movement，来识别static objects (3)失意
2、marketing concept在米国的development，之前就是selling，key是sales volume，有各种的方式的marketing来increase sales, promotion, personal sales, etc，但是还是没有跟selling区别开。直到二战之后，米国的制造业供给提高，商家有更多的竞争，才push marketing to be marketing，有了segmentation和customer analysis，注意这时候marketing的key是认为successful marketing depends on improving customer satisfaction
题目： （1）原因题：为什么导致米国marketing concept的改变：因为供给多，竞争多 （2）细节题：new marketing key的改变：从sales volume到customer satisfaction （3）不好意思，噜猪又失忆了
3. corporate structure的文章，说过去mid-level management在large corporate很安逸，就是life-long pay check blarblarblar， 后面提到说因为米国遭遇了global competition, 开始通过downsize来improve corporate efficiency，然后mid-level manager的工作和corporate对他们的期望也发生变化，之前他们是rely on supervisor来make decision，现在corporate structure delayer了之后开始看重manager creativity & innovation to solve problem
题目记不太清楚了，主要是mid manager的role的改变，什么导致了这些变化，作者态度

（P.S.)感觉GMAT真的很适合工作的人来考，除了第一个阅读，其他两篇跟噜猪工作相关性很强，所以几乎都是秒选的

玉筏
几乎都是整句整句划线的，哎呦我了个去，噜猪先哭会儿，记不得具体题目了，主要几个语法点小伙伴们在复习前可以着重看一下
1. such abj. as n
2. than other do
3. unlike
4. yet+clause vs but + clause
5. fragmentation 同位语 i.e.: xx, known as zz, blar blar blar v.s. it is xx that blar blar blar, 噜猪就经常在排除另外3个选项之后在这两个选项中犹豫不决，it is n/abj that 虽然清晰，但是可能 wordy and redundant (OG), 但是同位语又有可能改变

洛基
1. 发电虽然要利用太阳能就要造solar cell, 而且solar cell 制造费用比燃燃料要贵，但是solar energy plant总体比fuel plant在generate electricity上要好，因为？跟fuel不一样，solar energy is free，秒选
2. 研究表明某地居民肥胖率攀升，主要因为居民少在家做饭，经常出去吃，然后外面馆子菜量都好大（米国人真实诚）；营养学家就建议出食谱，估计居民按照过去的传统来做饭，但是有人提出异议说这样并不能减少肥胖率，因居民即使自己在家做饭，也会按照习惯的饭量来备饭菜的，秒选，其他选项说传统食品的营养率什么之类的细节，可以排除
3. 还有一题就是问一个结论的underlying assumption是啥，具体记不清了，就是要记住总量恒定或者单价一致一般都是洛基喜欢考的assumption

输血
余数和概率知识点要复习下，具体题型记不住了

angelohan

表示不太相信三天上7。话说OG三天都做不完你哪来的最基本的水平去上7呢。

wlc思语

复习三天？？！！！LZ大神么？！！后天就考试了，现在心慌慌感觉啥也不会啊

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楼主你好，谢谢你的机经分享！！

请问下微动眼那篇阅读，以下这篇文章和你考到的文章有什么出入吗？还是就完全是考试原文哈？

And yet only recently have researchers come to appreciate the profound importance of such “fixational” eye movements. For five decades, a debate has raged about whether the largest of these involuntary movements, the so-called microsaccades, serve any purpose at all. Some scientists have opined that microsaccades might even impair eyesight by blurring it. But recent work has made the strongest case yet that these minuscule ocular meanderings separate vision from blindness when a person looks out at a stationary world.

Indeed, animal nervous systems have evolved to detect changes in the environment, because spotting differences promotes survival. Motion in the visual field may indicate that a predator is approaching or that prey is escaping. Such changes prompt visual neurons to respond with electrochemical impulses. Unchanging objects do not generally pose a threat, so animal brains – and visual systems – did not evolve to notice them. Frogs are an extreme case. A fly sitting still on the wall is invisible to a frog, as are all static objects. But once the fly is aloft, the frog will immediately detect it and capture it with its tongue.

Frogs cannot see unmoving objects because, as Helmholtz hypothesized, an unchanging stimulus leads to neural adaptation, in which visual neurons adjust their output such that they gradually stop responding. Neural adaptation saves energy but also limits sensory perception. Human visual system does much better than a frog’s at detecting unmoving objects, because human eyes create their own motion. Fixational eye movements shift the entire visual scene across the retina, prodding visual neurons into action and counteracting neural adaptation. They thus prevent stationary objects from fading away.

The results of these experiments, published in 2000 and 2002, showed that microsaccades increased the rate of neural impulses generated by both LGN and visual cortex neurons by ushering stationary stimuli, such as the bar of light, in and out of a neuron’s receptive field, the region of visual space that activates it. This finding bolstered the case that microsaccades have an important role in preventing visual fading and maintaining a visible image. And assuming such a role for microsaccades, our neuronal studies of microsaccades also began to crack the visual system’s code for visibility. In our monkey studies we found that microsaccades were more closely associated with rapid bursts of spikes than single spikes from brain neurons, suggesting that bursts of spikes are a signal in the brain that something is visible.

In our experiments, we asked volunteers to perform a version of Troxler’s fading task. Our subjects were to fixate on a small spot while pressing or releasing a button to indicate whether they could see a static peripheral target. The target would vanish and then reappear as each subject naturally fixated more – and then less – at specific times during the course of the experiment. During the task, we measured each person’s fixational eye movements with a high-precision video system.

As we had predicted, the subjects’ microsaccades became sparser, smaller and slower just before the target vanished, indicating that a lack of microsaccades– leads to adaptation and fading. Also consistent with our hypothesis, microsaccades became more numerous, larger and faster right before the peripheral target reappeared. These results, published in 2006, demonstrated for the first time that microsaccades engender visibility when subjects try to fix their gaze on an image and that bigger and faster microsaccades work best for this purpose. And because the eyes are fixating – resting between the larger, voluntary saccades – in the vast majority of the time, microsaccades are critical for most visual perception.

晓澜静荷

亲好！问下下馆子的那道题问的是什么呢

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楼主数学47都能上7，那语文是不是40+了呀？

Xiaomuzi1

大牛！太厉害了！

lily510

楼主语法有没有遇到区别should和ought to的用法的题目？和demand和request呢？非常感谢！

伊蔓达

麻烦狗主确认一下是不是这篇，非常感谢~

【V1】
讲的是人类眼睛的眨眼之类的一种定义为M的行为可以使人们看清楚静态物体stationary objects

    第一段：开头就提到一个假设。第一段先给了一个定义，解释了Microsaccade这个东西。大概是说什么眨眼之类的眼睛自己的运动，然后说researchers have been unsure about the function of Microsaccade，甚至曾经有的researcher have gone so far居然说这种眼睛自己的活动可能会因为blurring什么的对眼睛造成伤害。（后注：这种假设是错误的）。（这里有题，问文章提到这种对于Microsaccade功能的解释是为什么）接着第一段后面说了又有另外一种解释，说是这个M吧，可以让人们的眼睛看清楚静止的物体。

    第二段：前半部分说了支持这种假设的证据，后半部分提出反对的意见，讲了一些眼球看物体的反应。还是拿青蛙作对比，说青蛙看不见静止的只看见活动的，但是人可以，因为人的眼睛有motion还是怎么的。说这种睡眠比较为深度睡眠更难醒，而且单从predator的角度来看，这种假设也难合理

    第三段：继续提一些反对这种假设的证据。说了一个实验，就说科学家找来一群人，让他们一直对着电脑频幕的一个central dot看，然后问他们对于电脑屏幕上的peripheral dot的视觉反应。接下来这段...我不是很明白他们之间的因果关系...反正大概意思是说，那些人看着看着，觉得那些peripheral dot在慢慢消失fading，而他们的Microsaccade也在逐渐变缓(sparser数量减少and slower)，然后又恢复normal when the peripheral reappear。

结构：提出假设+推翻假设+实验结论
补充：首先提出一个概念Microsaccede，下简称m，中文是微动眼，指眼睛自然的细微运动。研究人员提出假设微动眼的作用可以使我们看得清静止的东西。在进化的过程中，视觉在看动态事物方面进化较快，之后讲了一些原因，有一个是因为动物可以见到猎物逃走。人的眼进化出微动眼帮助人不仅看到motion还能够看到静止事物。之后对比了人和青蛙。最后视觉神经是如何发生作用。神经一般是在看motion时才firing，而微动眼帮助人类即使在看静止的事物神经都可以keep firing。
考题：
1）What is the theme of the passage：选主要讨论一种假设
2）What is the function of the substance of Microsaccade：illustrate科学家对于Microsaccade功能不能达成共识。
3）视觉方面的神经元的运作方式之类的。比如什么neuron会 generate more electro...（有着“电”的词根的某单词）with response to moving objects than to stationary objects（有题）
4）infer题：从文中可以推出最后一段试验中的subject干什么呢：是M帮助人看到什么东西来的。
（这题要对experiment的结果要求看仔细点，关系有点复杂。）记得其中2个选项是M开头，3个选项是visual neutron开头。
5）第二段有一个in additional，问作用
6） 推断视觉神经在青蛙的作用：备选对motion的反应比对静止事物强烈得多
7）主题
8）一道题是下面哪一条会削弱：是关于fixational eye movements和动物对所处环境危险程度的敏感程度的……

Wikipedia：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsaccade
(疑似)原文未缩减 gitarrelieber
节选自Windows on the Mind (Scientific American Magazine @ August 2007)

And yet only recently have researchers come to appreciate the profound importance of such “fixational” eye movements. For five decades, a debate has raged about whether the largest of these involuntary movements, the so-called microsaccades, serve any purpose at all. Some scientists have opined that microsaccades might even impair eyesight by blurring it. But recent work has made the strongest case yet that the seminuscule ocular meanderings separate vision from blindness when a person looks out at a stationary world.

Indeed, animal nervous systems have evolved to detect changes in the environment, because spotting differences promotes survival. Motion in the visual field may indicate that a predator is approaching or that prey is escaping. Such changes prompt visual neurons to respond with electrochemical impulses. Unchanging objects do not generally pose a threat, so animal brains – and visual systems – did not evolve to notice them. Frogs are an extreme case. A fly sitting still on the wall is invisible to a frog, as are all static objects. But once the fly is aloft, the frog will immediately detect it and capture it with its tongue.

Frogs cannot see unmoving objects because, as Helmholtz hypothesized, an unchanging stimulus leads to neural adaptation, in which visual neurons adjust their output such that they gradually stop responding. Neural adaptation saves energy but also limits sensory perception. Human visual system does much better than a frog’s at detecting unmoving objects, because human eyes create their own motion. Fixational eye movements shift the entire visual scene across the retina, prodding visual neurons into action and counteracting neural adaptation. They thus prevent stationary objects from fading away.

The results of these experiments, published in 2000 and 2002, showed that microsaccades increased the rate of neural impulses generated by both LGN and visual cortex neurons by ushering stationary stimuli, such as the bar of light, in and out of a neuron’s receptive field, the region of visual space that activates it. This finding bolstered the case that microsaccades have an important role in preventing visual fading and maintaining a visible image. And assuming such a role for microsaccades, our neuronal studies of microsaccades also began to crack the visual system’s code for visibility. In our monkey studies we found that microsaccades were more closely associated with rapid bursts of spikes than single spikes from brain neurons, suggesting that bursts of spikes are a signal in the brain that something is visible.

In our experiments, we asked volunteers to perform a version of Troxler’s fading task. Our subjects were to fixate on a small spot while pressing or releasing a button to indicate whether they could see a static peripheral target. The target would vanish and then reappear as each subject naturally fixated more – and then less – at specific times during the course of the experiment. During the task, we measured each person’s fixational eye movements with a high-precision video system.

As we had predicted, the subjects’ microsaccades became sparser, smaller and slower just before the target vanished, indicating that a lack of microsaccades– leads to adaptation and fading. Also consistent with our hypothesis, microsaccades became more numerous, larger and faster right before the peripheral target reappeared. These results, published in 2006, demonstrated for the first time that microsaccades engender visibility when subjects try to fix their gaze on an image and that bigger and faster microsaccades work best for this purpose. And because the eyes are fixating – resting between the larger, voluntary saccades – in the vast majority of the time, microsaccades are critical for most visual perception.

zzloveyibo

3天上7.。。。。。。。。。。。好吧，，，我真是醉了