3.27逻辑答案

韩小宁

1、Last August the XT chain of gasoline stations had a temporary sales promotion in effect in the promotion , any customer who made a purchase of ten or more gallons of gasoline was entitled to a free car wash . For the month of August, XT experienced a ten percent increase in gasoline sales as compared to sales in August the previous year so evidently the promotion was successful as a means of boosting sales.

In evaluating the argument, it would be most helpful to answer which of the following?

A. In the areas in which XT's gasoline stations operate, how did total combined gasoline sales for all gasoline stations last August compare with sales for the previous August?  .
B. Was the money that XT earned from the increase in gasoline sales enough to offset the cost of providing tree car washes during the promotion?  .
C. Were there any customers who bought ten or more gallons at an XT gasoline station during the promotion who would have or more gallons at an XT gasoline in lower quantities , but more frequently ,if the promotion had not been in effect?  .
D. Did XT or any or its gasoline stations have to pay other businesses to provide the car washes that customers were offered in the promotion?  .
E. Are XT's gasoline sales in August usually significantly higher than one twelfth of XT's annual gasoline sales?

1、正确答案：A
2、原文逻辑：XT加油站为了提升销售，为顾客提供了一项优惠措施，凡是购买10加仑以上的汽油就可以获得免费洗车的机会。结果今年的8月份比去年的8月份的销售增长10%，因此证明这种改进在增加销售方面是很成功的。
3、做题过程：前提：优惠服务使得销售额对比去年同期增加。结论：这种改进对增加销售好。即找出同期对比即可推出销售上升success的合理性。注意问题是评价结论成立最有利的选项。
4、选项分析：A选项说在XT station存在的地区，其他与汽油相关的业务今年8月份和去年8月份对比如何？这表明了如果其他业务也都增长了，宏观环境如此，XT的销售改进并没有效果。
B选项说XT station在汽油销售方面的收入能否抵补它在洗车方面的成本？这说明的是它对于收益增加是否成功，而非是销售收入。结论只关心销售是否增长，而非论证收入—费用是否有盈余。
C选项说在没有提供这项改进服务之前，顾客在XT station 可能会一次购买少量，但购买频率高。这只能说明促销前和后单一顾客购买汽油总量有可能一样，与原文结论无关。
D选项说XT 是否承担提供洗车服务所产生的业务费用。
E选项说XT在8月份的销售收入比其他月份高。这说明不了什么，因为原题对比的是同一月份。
5、评价：看清题目的推理过程和结论，抓住关键点，最终回归到问题中的题眼。如果错选B说明没有看清结论是销售的success，而主观臆断为收益的success。

2、Hardin argued that grazing land held in common (that is, open to any user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accrue to the individual, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common land was in better condition.

Which of the following, if true and known by the ranchers, would best help explain the results of the study?

A With private grazing land, both the costs and the benefits of overuse fall to the individual user.  .
B The cost in reduced land quality that is attributable to any individual user is less easily measured with common land than it is with private land.  .
C An individual who overuses common grazing land might be able to achieve higher returns than other users can, with the result that he or she would obtain a competitive advantage.  .
D If one user of common land overuses it even slightly; the other users are likely to do so even more, with the consequence that the costs to each user outweigh the benefits.  .
E There are more acres of grazing land held privately than there are held in common.  
1、        词汇：grazing [英][ˈgreɪzɪŋ 放牧  accrue [美][əˈkru] 累积
rancher[英][ˈræntʃə] 牧场主
2、        正确选项：D
3、        原文逻辑：前提：公地比私地在使用上less carefully，每个牧场主试图过分使用公地                                                                  土地质量下降危害所有使用者
结论：公地依然保持良好状态
4、解题思路：所以应该是各方使用者泛滥使用公地这个前提出现了问题
5、选项分析：A：只说了私人属地的内容，和公地没有任何关系
B：迷惑选项：cost 和 condition 没有直接的必然联系，所以分析两者的cost问题，没有击中要害。
C：单个使用者在公地获得绝对性优势，不能排除overuse的可能性，同时和condition没有必然联系
D：如果一个人破坏一小部分，那么其他人就会破坏更多，恶性循环导致得不偿失，人们在利益权衡后放弃侵占，削弱前提条件，正确。
E：无关选项：面积上的不同和condition没有必然联系。

3、        Sales of telephones have increased dramatically over the last year. In order to take advantage of this increase, Mammoth Industries plans to expand production of its own model of telephone, while continuing its already very extensive advertising of this product.

Which of the following, if true, provides most support for the view that Mammoth Industries cannot increase its sales of telephones by adopting the plan outlined above?

A Although it sells all the telephones that it produces, Mammoth Industries' share of all telephone sales has declined over the last year.  .
B Mammoth Industries' average inventory of telephones awaiting shipment to retailers has declined slightly over the last year.  .
C Advertising has made the brand name of Mammoth Industries' telephones widely known, but few consumers know that Mammoth Industries owns this brand.  .
D Mammoth Industries' telephone is one of three brands of telephone that have together accounted for the bulk of the last year's increase in sales.  .
E Despite a slight decline in the retail price, sales of Mammoth Industries' telephones have fallen in the last year.

1、正确答案：E
2、原文逻辑：为了利用电话sales上升的优势，有两个plan:
1）增加自主品牌产量；  2）继续已经覆盖很广的产品广告。
问题：找出M公司无法用上述方法提高销售的选项
3、        选项分析：A说尽管M公司把自己的产品全部销售一空，但是公司的市场份额依旧下降了。这表明的是这个公司市场份额的事，与原文无关；
B说的是库存等发货的零售商略微下降，这与原文无关；
C 说产品广告很深入人心，但是没人知道这个牌子背后的M公司，这说的是产品广告和公司名号的问题，无关；
D说M公司是去年产品销售大批增长的三个品牌之一， 加强结论，不符。
E说尽管零售价格略微下调，但去年的销量还是下降了。支持了这个plan无法增加销量的说法。

4、Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any no flying insect. However, when running toward an insect, a tiger beetle will intermittently stop and then, a moment later, resume its attack. Perhaps the beetles cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment's rest; but an alternative hypothesis is that while running, tiger beetles are unable to adequately process the resulting rapidly changing visual information and so quickly go blind and stop.

Which of the following, if discovered in experiments using artificially moved prey insects, would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other?

A When a prey insect is moved directly toward a beetle that has been chasing it, the beetle immediately stops and runs away without its usual intermittent stopping.  .
B In pursuing a swerving insect, a beetle alters its course while running and its pauses become more frequent as the chase progresses.  .
C The beetles maintain a fixed time interval between pauses, although when an insect that had been stationary begins to flee, the beetle increases its speed after its next pause.  .
D If, when a beetle pauses, it has not gained on the insect it is pursuing, the beetle generally ends its pursuit.  .
E The faster a beetle pursues an insect fleeing directly away from it, the more frequently the beetle stops.

1、正确答案：B
2、原文逻辑：beetles在抓猎物的过程中会突然停下来，过一会再行动。两个假设
1）beetles在抓捕过程中不能保持pace,需要休息一下。
2）因为无法处理总是在改变的视觉信息，瞎了。
问题：寻找一个选项加强其中一个假设，并且削弱另一个假设
3、选项分析：A.突然停下来逃跑了，无关两个假设。
             B.在追一个改变方向飞行的猎物时，beetles也会改变路线，并且停的次数更多了。支持了假设1.驳 斥了假设2。
             C.休息时维持固定的时间，与假设无关。
             D.当停顿时还没抓到猎物就放弃了。与假设无关
             E.飞的越快，停的越多。与假设一有关，但是题目问的是支持假设一以后还要weak假设2。

5、The Earth's rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth's oceans can be accurately estimated.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth's oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.  .
B At any given time, all the Earth's rivers have about the same salt levels.  .
C There are salts that leach into the Earth's oceans directly from the ocean floor.  .
D There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth's oceans.  .
E None of the salts carried into the Earth's oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.

1、        正确选项：A
2、        原文逻辑: 河水携带固定含量的盐流入大海。通过测量数百年的海洋中含盐量的增加程度，以及需要多久才能达到现在的含盐量。从而计算海洋的年龄。
问题：上述论断依据的假设是什么？
3、        解题过程：目前含盐量/一定时期内含盐量的增加程度=海洋年龄。因为目前含盐量是一个确定的值，所以假设得是一定时期内含盐量的增加程度是一个常量。
4、选项分析：A选项说近百年河水溶解盐进入海洋的数量没有出现比以往数量大的不正常现象。也就是说增加的量是常量。正确
B选项说在任意一个给定的时间里，所有地球上的河流都有相同的含盐量。但这不能说明海水中增加的含盐量是常量。
C选项说有一部分盐是直接从海底浸出的。说明盐来源途径的多样，不支持结论。
D选项说没有比这种测大海的年龄更好的方法了。无关，不是需要的假设。
E选项说流入大海的盐没有被海洋中的生物活动使用。但是不能说明流入大海的盐是恒定的，因此也不能支持结论。