【3月19日逻辑答案】

belinda_cao

From 1978 to 1988, beverage containers accounted for a steadily decreasing percentage of the total weight of household garbage in the United States. The increasingly widespread practice of recycling aluminum and glass was responsible for most of this decline. However, although aluminum recycling was more widely practiced in this period than glass recycling, it was found that the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.
Which of the following, if true of the United States in the period 1978 to 1988, most helps to account for the finding?
A Glass bottles are significantly heavier than aluminum cans of comparable size.   
B Recycled aluminum cans were almost all beverage containers, but a significant fraction of the recycled glass bottles had contained products other than beverages.   
C Manufacturers replaced many glass bottles, but few aluminum cans, with plastic containers.   
D The total weight of glass bottles purchased by households increased at a slightly faster rate than the total weight of aluminum cans.   
E In many areas, glass bottles had to be sorted by color of the glass before being recycled, whereas aluminum cans required no sorting.   

解释题
需要解释的现象：the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans..
正确答案作用：1. 需要解释这个比较，所以答案也是要比较glass bottles 和aluminum cans；2. 最好用转折前的现象来解释转折后的现象。
思考：aluminum cans 被recycle的数量很多，为什么下降的比例没有那么多。很明显，这是一个比例和绝对数量的问题。那就是aluminum cans在市场中的基数比glass bottles多。
选项分析
A：虽然是glass bottles跟aluminum cans的比较，但是哪个更重跟需要解释的现象没有关系；
B：也是在对比glass bottles和aluminum cans。 但是对比的是它们是不是beverage containers, 这个跟谁的基数大没有关系。并且有范围扩大词other than；
D：glass bottles购买的增加比aluminum cans多，文章中又说recycle的 aluminum cans 比较多，那应该说明aluminum cans下降的比较多才对，与现象刚好相反，也和我们的"思考的市场中的基数"刚好相反；
E: 在被recycle之前，到底会不会根据颜色分类，与它们比例的下降没有关系；
C：确实是对比glass bottles和aluminum cans。制造商用plastic containers替换了很多的glass bottles而几乎没替换aluminum cans。这说明在市场中，glass bottles较少，aluminum cans较多，也就是aluminum cans基数大。刚好解释了为什么aluminum cans的下降比例少。正确答案。


Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.   
B Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.   
C As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.   
D On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.   
E When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.   

undercut的英文释义是：sell cheaper than one's competition。
原文的argument是说，如果成功赢得价格战的公司，企图用高价格收回当时打价格战的损失的话，会给竞争对手一个更好的用价格战反击的机会。
问：一下哪项最好的削弱了原文的论点
A）看到in some countries就知道可以用“无关选项”来排除了
B) 航空高层一般都相信如果竞争对手出现的话，那些原先价格战获胜的公司会再次打价格战。也就是说，在高层看来，即使那些公司利用寡头垄断高价赚钱，他们也无可奈何。也就是说，竞争对手没有机会。
C) 这是说打价格战的方式
D）这是说战败的公司的策略，虽然不是反击策略，因为反击策略是支持论点的，最好排除，但由于没有说明第二次战斗相关的内容，所以没有B来的充分。不过，也算是个干扰项吧。
E) 这是指打价格战的原理。。。。也无关


Some people have questioned the judge's objectivity in cases of sex discrimination against women. But the record shows that in sixty percent of such cases, the judge has decided in favor of the women. This record demonstrates that the judge has not discriminated against women in cases of sex discrimination against women.
The argument above is flawed in that it ignores the possibility that
A a large number of the judge's cases arose out of allegations of sex discrimination against women   
B many judges find it difficult to be objective in cases of sex discrimination against women   
C the judge is biased against women defendants or plaintiffs in cases that do not involve sex discrimination   
D the majority of the cases of sex discrimination against women that have reached the judge's court have been appealed from a lower court   
E the evidence shows that the women should have won in more than sixty percent of the judge's cases involving sex discrimination against women   

有一些人質疑法官對女性有歧視，但就統計來看，這位法官有60%的案子是判給對女人有利的，因此證據指明，這位法官並未有歧視女性的行為出現
A. a large number of the judge's cases arouse out of allegations of sex discrimination against women.無關
B. many judges find it difficult to be objective in cases of sex discrimination against women
法官發現很多這類案子很難保證客觀。（不客觀的結果是雙向的，即偏向女性或反之.) 與論證過程無關
C. The judge is biased against women defendants or plaintiffs in cases that do not involve sex discrimination
法官對於不涉及性別歧視的案子中的女上訴者有歧視
D.The majority of the cases of sex discrimination against women that have reached the judges court have been appealed from a lower court
是否是從下層法院上訴過來的與原文沒有關係
E. The evidence shows that the women should have won in more than 60 percent of the judges cases involving sex discrimination against women. 有證據顯示女人應該勝訴的機率超過六成 (間接指出法官讓許多婦女該贏未贏，削弱了原題推論)


Bank depositors in the United States are all financially protected against bank failure because the government insures all individuals' bank deposits.An economist argues that this insurance is partly responsible for the high rate of bank failures, since it removes from depositors any financial incentive to find out whether the bank that holds their money is secure against failure.If depositors were more selective. then banks would need to be secure in order to compete for depositors' money.
Which of he following, if true, most seriously weakens the economist s argument?
A Before the government started to insure depositors against bank failure, there was a lower rate of bank failure than there is now.   
B When the government did not insure deposits frequent bank failures occurred as a result of depositors' fears of losing money in bank failures.   
C Surveys show that a significant proportion of depositors are aware that their deposits are insured by the government.   
D There is an upper limit on the amount of an individual's deposit that the government will insure.but very few individuals' deposits exceed this limit.   
E The security of a bank against failure depends on the percentage of its assets that are loaned out and also on how much risk its loans involve.   


此题有明显的争议，在经过与名师的确认后，最终定义的正确选项为B。
B項的解釋：
題型：削弱題。尋找邏輯錯誤。默認選項是成立的，毋容置疑。
原文：
第一句：government insures deposits √√ 有insurance時 --> bank failure×× 不會出現。此句是原文的觀點。
第二句：此句是economist的觀點：insurance √√ --> bank failure ++ "High rates"
論據1：insurance√√ --> depositors(customers) to find out -- 儲戶去瞭解的少了
第三句：此句仍然是economist的部份：論據2： depositors selective ++ =等價於= depositors to find out ++ --> bank secure ++ =等價於= bank failure --
把第二第三句的邏輯論證聯繫起來，就是:
economist的觀點： insurance√√-->depositors to find out and be selective -- -->bank failure ++ 這個觀點的特點是，和原文第一句的觀點前提相同，推出完全相反的結論。
提問是如何削弱economist的觀點。
選項：
A insurance ×× --> bank failure -- 取非就是 insurance √√ --> bank failure ++ 這支持了economist的觀點
B insurance ×× --> bank failure ++ 這指出了，economist的觀點若要成立，其前提必須完全相反，直接攻擊其前提和推理，是完全削弱的選項。正確。
C a significant proportion of depositors are aware that “insurance √√” 這個選項有兩個錯誤，第一是are aware不等價於are selective，偷換概念。第二是假設即使aware的depositors可以削弱economist的觀點使bank failure不會出現在這一部份的depositors身上，可是“a significant proportion”不等於ALL, 不能使削弱完全成立。
D 試圖討論金額的upper limit的問題，可是原文對bank failure僅關注是否發生，沒有討論金額大小和發生bank failure的概率之間的聯繫。假設即使upper limit的存在可以削弱economist的觀點，但是very few individuals' 的錯誤類似于C選項，不能使削弱完全成立。
E 試圖指出"percentage of assets loaned out" AND "risk of loans" --> bank failure 即試圖指出其他導致bank failure的原因。注意到原文第一句是一個觀點，其後兩句是economist的觀點，通過這兩個觀點同時出現，可以知道在有gov't insurance存在的情況下，bank failure既有可能出現（這是economist的觀點）也有可能不出現（這是原文第一句的觀點）這樣，gov't insurance就是有可能導致bank failure的因素，而無論是否存在其他因素。因此舉出再多的其他因素，也不能削弱gov't insurance這個因素的推理。
選B