3月6日作业答案

belinda_cao

Smithtown University's fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted. This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job. On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base. The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?

(A)  Smithtown University's fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people.

(B)   This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown University from new donors when the university's fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before.

(C)   This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university's fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.

(D)  The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.

(E)   More than half of the money raised by Smithtown University's fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.

1、  donor  [英][ˈdəʊnə(r)] n.捐赠者，[医]供血者，输血者; [医]供血者，输血者; [物]施主;

canvass [英]['kænvəs] [美][ˈkænvəs]  vt.& vi.（在政治方面）游说;调查意见;为讨论而提出（意见等）;详细检查; n.检票员，游说者;讨论;细查;劝诱;vt.揽（货）;   

2、  原文逻辑：前提： donators如果have donated了，他们就会更容易donate。                                    

结论：尽管学校基金的筹集者有80%的成功率从所有捐赠者那里募集到钱。但是高成功率不能说明他们工作做得好。

3、  正确选项：A

4、  题型：加强题

5、  分析过程：题目要求加强论证80%的高成功率不能说明基金募集人工作做得好。即我们需要找到一个选项来表明成功率和能力高低之间没有必然联系。A选项说S大学基金募集人接触到的潜在捐赠者给S大学的捐款与他们在其他学校的捐款的频率是一样的。（意思是基金的潜在捐助者所占比例与其他学校相比并没有差异，而80%的成功率只能说明是原有的捐助者所占的比例比其他学校好造成的。但是反映基金筹集人能力在部分在于新增加的比例而非原有捐助人的比例，因此加强了结论）

6、  其他选项：C为无关项，BDE为weaken选项。C说 most of the donors are old donators without contract . 原文讨论的success标准的scope是在 contact之后的成功率下, C实际是out of scope的。 进一步来说 C的出现并没有证实作者的假设。它仅是证实了的确捐过钱的校友更容易捐款。多了一个不用联系都能捐款并捐了大多数款的信息，这个信息对于结论没有任何影响。

Consumers planning to buy recreational equipment tend to buy higher quality, more expensive equipment when the economy is strong than when it is weak. Hill and Dale is a business that sells high-quality, expensive camping and hiking equipment in Batavia. Although all the signs are that Batavia’s economy is now entering a period of sustained strength, the managers of the business do not expect a substantial increase in sales.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest justification for the managers' judgment?

(A)  A significant proportion of Hill and Dale's sales are made to customers who enter the store in order to buy one particular item but, once there, find other items to buy as well.

(B)   In Bavaria when the economy is strong, those who might otherwise go camping tend to take vacations overseas.

(C)   The economic upturn is likely to allow Bavaria’s national parks, where most of the camping and hiking is done, to receive extra funding to improve their visitor facilities.

(D)  Advances in materials technology have led to the development of hiking and camping equipment that is more comfortable and lightweight than before.

(E)   Many people in Bavaria not only are committed to preserving the country's wilderness areas but also are interested in spending some time in them.

1、recreational[英][ˌrekriˈeɪʃənl]adj.消遣的; 娱乐的;

2、原文逻辑：前提：（1）相比于经济不好的时候，顾客在经济好的时候更倾向于购买更贵的商品。HD是一个高价高质量野营用品的专卖店。

结论：虽然经济很好而且这个好趋势会持续，但是HD的经理却不期望sales的上升。

3、正确选项：C

4、题型：加强题

5、分析过程：本题其实就只需找一个选项说明顾客不会购买这种野营商品的理由。C说经济好的时候野营的主要地点森林公园会收到资金来改善他们的野营设备，关键在于where most of the camping and hiking is done,这句话，说明了在这些运动的主要地方，而在此的设施和装备有extra fund,那么个人就没必要自己再买装备去了，所以购买野营装备的行为会减少，加强了观点。

6、其它选项：A说HD的sales中相当一部分是因为顾客到店里之后除了本来要买的东西之外又购买了原先预料之外的其他东西，sales的组成和题目讨论的sales是否会上升没有关系，所以排除。

B说在经济好的时候，本来要去野营的人跑到国外旅游去了，但是这个选项没有解释清楚的是这些人在国外是否也去野营，如果这些人到国外的旅游里面也包括野营，那么还是会去买野营用品的。相对于后面C而言，B的表达上有误导，在加强方面没有C来得直接。

D说技术的进步使装备比以前更轻便更舒适了。装备更好的话，那么吸引的顾客应该会更多，那么sales也会相应有上升，削弱了题目结论。

E说这个国家的很多人不但会保护这个国家的野外地区，同时也很有兴趣到这些野地里打发一些时间，也就是说野营会变多。去野营的话自然要买装备，那么这样一来sales应该上升才对，同样削弱了结论。

In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations. However, any future recessions in Virginias will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools. This is because Virginia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Virginian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A)  The current student-teacher ratio at Virginias’ government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.  .

(B)   During recent periods when the Virginian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Virginian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.  .

(C)   Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Virginias’ government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession.  .

(D)  Teachers in Virginias’ government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Virginia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.  .

(E)   During the last economic recession in Virginia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.

1、  原文逻辑：前提：经济不好时就业就不好，但是某个地方规定经济不好时政府出资的公立学校全免费，而且学生比教师的比例不会增大。结论：老师人数会增加。

2、  正确选项：B

3、  题型：加强题

4、  分析过程：若想结论公立学校的老师人数增加成立，那么只能让公立学校的学生人数的增加，这样才能在师生比例不变化的情况下，增加老师的人数。因此B选项说经济繁荣的时候，学生会选择收费的私立学校，而经济萧条让更多的学生选择公立学校，从而需要增加老师的数量。

5、  其它选项：A目前学生教师人数比之前经济萧条的比例高。这不能论证经济萧条比例低是因为老师的人数增加，有可能是学生少，或者学生老师都减少，反正是不确定选项。 C在上一个经济危机前，公立学校的老师比在其他学校的老师的比例高20%，说的是经济危机之前的事情，与结论无关。D选项说的是公立和私立学校待遇如何，无关信息。E在以前经济萧条时期，政府关闭学校，说的是已前关不关学校的问题，无关。

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage from feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. Therefore, if the population of these other species were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium and hence the number of people contracting Lyme disease-would likely decline.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A)  Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences from carrying the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans.  .

(B)   There are no known cases of a human's contracting Lyme disease through contact with white-footed mice.  .

(C)   A deer tick feeds only once while in the larval stage.  .

(D)  A single host animal can be the source of bacteria for many tick larvae.  .

(E)   None of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans.

1、  larval [英]['lɑ:vl][美]['lɑ:vl] adj.幼虫的，幼虫状态的;

tick  [英][tɪk][美][tɪk]  n. 蜱虫;（表示正确无误的）记号;钟的嘀嗒声;vt.& vi.发出滴答声;标以记号

2、  原文逻辑：前提：Lyme病毒是鹿身上的寄生虫传染给人的。寄生虫在幼虫时期吃被感染的白脚老鼠身上的病菌。 结论：因为这种幼虫也吃其他东西，所以如果增加别的其他东西的数量，鹿的寄生虫感染的机会就会降低，因而传染给人的几率也会降低。

3、  正确选项：C

4、  题型：加强题

5、  分析过程：这题突破口在于幼虫的进食问题。找到一个说明寄生虫吃其他东西的可能性，或者它有很多其他东西可以吃的选项就ok了。C说寄生虫幼虫时期只吃一顿。（这说明如果有且只有白脚老鼠，那就会被感染。如果有大量其他东西可以吃，寄生虫吃到白脚老鼠的机会就大大减少。因为他们只吃一次！ 所以人类感染的可能也小。加强结论。）

6、  其他选项： A选项说这种寄生虫携带这种传染给人的病毒的时候，自己不会遭受负面影响，与原文结论无关。B说没有人从和白脚老鼠的直接接触中感染。但这与原文结论无关。D说一个单一的宿主能够是很多细菌的来源，无关信息。E说other bacteria，范围显然不对，无关。

Among the more effective kinds of publicity that publishers can get for a new book is to have excerpts of it published in a high-circulation magazine soon before the book is published. The benefits of such excerption include not only a sure increase in sales but also a fee paid by the magazine to the book's publisher.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

(A)  The number of people for whom seeing an excerpt of a book in a magazine provides an adequate substitute for reading the whole book is smaller than the number for whom the excerpt stimulates a desire to read the book.  .

(B)   Because the financial advantage of excerpting a new book in a magazine usually accrues to the book's publisher, magazine editors are unwilling to publish excerpts from new books.  .

(C)   In calculating the total number of copies that a book has sold, publishers include sales of copies of magazines that featured an excerpt of the book.  .

(D)  The effectiveness of having excerpts of a book published in a magazine, measured in terms of increased sales of a book, is proportional to the circulation of the magazine in which the excerpts are published.  .

(E)   Books that are suitable for excerpting in high-circulation magazines sell more copies than books that are not suitable for excerpting.  

1、Excerption [英][ek'sɜ:pʃən][美][ek'sɜ:pʃən]   n.选录，抄录，精华录;

2、原文逻辑：结论：出版商在出版一本书前先让高循环杂志摘录是有效的。

             原因：不仅增加销量而且杂志还付给出版商费用。

3、正确选项：A

4、题型：推论加强题

5、分析过程：这题的关键在于找出一个加强有效性这一结论的答案。A的意思是读完摘录的人中, 更想买此书的人数要大于看了摘录就不想买此书的人.说明了结论。

6、其他选项：B.选项说杂志社知道这样做会给出版商带去经济优势而不情愿出版。与结论无关，这并不能说明出版商这样做是有效的。D说评价有效性，要看这本书的销量增加程度与其在多少杂志上摘录的比例。这只是告诉我们了一个有效性的衡量工具，而非加强有效地结论本身。E选项说所有书在摘录后都卖的一样好，与原文无关。