3月1日题目答案

belinda_cao

The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called “historical costing.” Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year’s contractual price.

Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?

(A) The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.

(B) The rate of inflation has varied considerably over the past twenty years.

(C) The contractual price will be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.

(D) Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.

(E) The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative weapons.

词汇：contractor订约人

题意：政府从军备订约人购买标准武器的价格，是由一种名为“历史成本”的定价方式决定的。历史成本允许军备订约人通过增加百分比的方式来保护利润，价格增幅根据上一年的合同价格以及通货膨胀率来决定。

题型：削弱题。

原文逻辑:前提：historical costing以前一年价格为基础，根据通货膨胀率调整价格；结论：保护和维持利润。

正确答案：A。

A：由于是基于上一年价格的调整，所以第一次的失误，会导致后期所有的失误。A选项中提及过往资金的不高效使用，将会导致每一年的资金使用都出现问题，很好的削弱了原文。

B：选项提及通货膨胀率在过往二十年变化。但是通胀率的变化并不影响历史成本的算法，并未削弱原文。

C：合同价格受生产成本影响。并未针对historical costing进行解释和削弱。

D：许多纳税人质疑用在军事合同上的资金的数量。针对对象错误。

E：价格算法可能会影响武器创新的发展。原文讨论的是，在已知价格的基础上，通过通胀率来调整保护和维持利润的方式。针对对象错误。

A researcher discovered that people who have low levels of immune-system activity tend to score much lower on tests of mental health than do people with normal or high immune-system activity. The researcher concluded from this experiment that the immune system protects against mental illness as well as against physical disease.

The researcher’s conclusion depends on which of the following assumptions?

(A) High immune-system activity protects against mental illness better than normal immunesystem activity does.

(B) Mental illness is similar to physical disease in its effects on body systems.

(C) People with high immune-system activity cannot develop mental illness.

(D) Mental illness does not cause people’s immunesystem activity to decrease.

(E) Psychological treatment of mental illness is not as effective as is medical treatment.

题意：研究人员发现免疫系统活力较弱的人，在精神健康的测试中得分比免疫系统活力强的人要低。研究人员总结得出免疫系统不仅保护身体疾病，也保护精神疾病。

假设题（兼削弱题）。

原文逻辑：免疫系统差——精神健康差。所以免疫系统能保障精神健康状况。虚假原因型，缺桥梁。

正确答案：D。

A：强免疫系统活动更能防止精神疾病。此选项将原文大意重复了一遍，等于没说。

B：精神疾病与身体疾病对人体作用相似。不是桥梁。

C：强免疫系统的人不会得精神疾病。针对结果锦上添花的选项，不是桥梁。

D：精神疾病不会导致免疫系统活力下降。原因果分析中，存在因果颠倒的缺陷。此选项作为桥梁，弥补了因果颠倒的可能，正好为原结论的合理假设。

E：心理治疗不必药物治疗有效。文不对题。

Which of the following best completes the passage below?

At a recent conference on environmental threats to the North Sea, most participating countries favored uniform controls on the quality of effluents, whether or not specific environmental damage could be attributed to a particular source of effluent. What must, of course, be shown, in order to avoid excessively restrictive controls, is that_____ .

(A) any uniform controls that are adopted are likely to be implemented without delay

(B) any substance to be made subject to controls can actually cause environmental damage

(C) the countries favoring uniform controls are those generating the largest quantities of effluents

(D) all of any given pollutant that is to be controlled actually reaches the North Sea at present

(E) environmental damage already inflicted on the North Sea is reversible

词汇：effluent 污水、工业废水

题意：在最近的一期关于北海环境威胁的会议上，许多国家支持对污水排放的统一控制，根据废水是否是环境破坏的原因。因此，为了避免过度控制，——必须被展示。

题型：填空题。

正确答案：B。

A：采取的措施不会延期实施。填空题强调逻辑一致性，前半句话说为了避免过度控制，与A选项的语境语义相冲突。

B：任何被控制的物质都必须对环境造成破坏。与前半句避免过度控制（即没造成影响的不控制）相对应，体现了逻辑的一致性。

C：支持统一控制的国家都是排放量最大的国家。与原文的逻辑不符。

D：所有被控制的污染物已经到达了北海。未直接加强原话。

E：北海的环境污染是可以转变的。题文不符。

Since the deregulation of airlines, delays at the nation’s increasingly busy airports have increased by 25 percent. To combat this problem, more of the takeoff and landing slots at the busiest airports must be allocated to commercial airlines.

Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the effectiveness of the solution proposed above?

(A) The major causes of delays at the nation’s busiest airports are bad weather and overtaxed air traffic control equipment.

(B) Since airline deregulation began, the number of airplanes in operation has increased by 25 percent.

(C) Over 60 percent of the takeoff and landing slots at the nation’s busiest airports are reserved for commercial airlines.

(D) After a small Midwestern airport doubled its allocation of takeoff and landing slots, the number of delays that were reported decreased by 50 percent.

(E) Since deregulation the average length of delay at the nation’s busiest airports has doubled.

词汇：deregulation 解除管制

题意：从航空管制解除以来，国家日渐繁忙的机场的延误率上升了25%。为了解决这个问题，最繁忙的机场应该把更多的起降安排给商用飞机。

题型：削弱题。

题目分析：因：航空管制的解除；果：机场的延误率上升。逻辑谬误属虚假原因。根据选项，可判断为它因削弱。

正确答案：A。

A：延误的主要原因是恶劣天气和高负荷的航运控制设备。通过它因（恶劣天气和设备的高负荷）来解释原结果，直接削弱了原文。

B：飞机数量上升了25%。解释了延误的原因，但其中并未直接削弱原文。

C：国家最繁忙的机场有超过60%的起降留给了商用飞机。此答案并未直接削弱，因为60%还可以提升到70%、80%、90%。

D：在小机场增倍了飞机起降次数后，延误数下降了50%。未削弱原文。

E：在航空管制接触后飞机延误时长翻倍。未削弱原文。

A company plans to develop a prototype weeding machine that uses cutting blades with optical sensors and microprocessors that distinguish weeds from crop plants by differences in shade of color. The inventor of the machine claims that it will reduce labor costs by virtually eliminating the need for manual weeding.

Which of the following is a consideration in favor of the company’s implementing its plan to develop the prototype?

(A) There is a considerable degree of variation in shade of color between weeds of different species.

(B) The shade of color of some plants tends to change appreciably over the course of their growing season.

(C) When crops are weeded manually, overall size and leaf shape are taken into account in distinguishing crop plants from weeds.

(D) Selection and genetic manipulation allow plants of virtually any species to be economically bred to have a distinctive shade of color without altering their other characteristics.

(E) Farm laborers who are responsible for the manual weeding of crops carry out other agricultural duties at times in the growing season when extensive weeding is not necessary.

词汇：prototype原型；weed除草；microprocessor微处理器

题意：一家公司打算开发一种除草机器，这种机器用配有光感器的刀片和微处理器来分辨谷物中的杂草，依据的是颜色的深浅。机器的发明者声称它将通过减少人力除草的需要来降低劳动力成本。

题型：加强题。

原文需支持和加强的部分是：开发这种机器！实现开发机器的前提，是这种机器能够实现它本身最重要的功效，就是辨别杂草，并切除杂草。

正确答案：D

A：不同品种的杂草在颜色深浅上有很大程度的不同。这使得机器更难辨认农作物和杂草，削弱原文。

B：有些植物的颜色深浅度在生长季节中变化得非常明显。如A选项解释。

C：当人工为农作物清除杂草的时候，整体大小和叶子形状也会成为区分农作物和杂草的标准。干扰项，选项中提到人力，又提及相关的农作物区分标准。未能读懂原文及选项的考生容易误选C选项。

D：选种和基因控制使几乎所有的品种能够更经济地繁殖，能够有明显颜色深浅的区分，并且不改变品种原本的特性。此选项，设计区分农作物和杂草的颜色深浅，能够让原文提到的机器更好地发挥其功效，加强了结论。因此是正确答案。

E：负责人工除草的农场劳工，在不需要除草的时节，有其他的农务任务。答非所问。

belinda_cao

答案很清晰: