RC 13 科学家schild发现现象 求确认~~

鱼宝宝724

RT 这篇阅读机经里的中文我感觉像是背景资料啊~~请考过的同学来确认一下以下这篇中英文机经~~
本人大四党，二战了，不容易啊~~大家帮帮忙~~不甚感激！！！！！



13．科学家schild发现现象（考古）
有一篇是关于一个科学家发现了一个新现象，只记得那人叫schild，行星叫Q89767（反正几个数字）大家去考考古吧


考古
找到的考古？应该算是吧？
宇宙論長久以來的問題之一是目前所觀測到的宇宙物質質量並不足夠，因此應該有未被偵測到的黑暗物質存在。美國哈佛大學的一位天文學家提出“若能實驗性證明如行星般大小的天體散佈在星系中，可能成為未知的黑暗物質”。大部份的類星體（被認為是遙遠的星系核心）亮度呈現不規則的變化。在1993年，英國愛丁堡皇家天文台的Michael R. S . Hawkins 認為類星體亮度的變化並非因類星體製造能量的區域所造成的，而是大小約為木星的天體在干擾著星系，這些漫游者使來自更遙遠的星系的光彎曲而產生變化。
行星導致微透鏡（Microlensing）效應的觀念已經由美國哈佛史密松寧天文物理中心 的Rudolph E. Schild 所證實。他提到類星體的觀測已經由重力透鏡效應而得知，例如俗 稱雙類星體（Twin Quasar）的Q0957+561之所以產生幻影是因為在我們的視線方向被一個星系干擾的緣故。通常類星體兩者的亮度同時變亮及變暗，雖然兩者之間有 1.1年的延遲。這個共同的變化可能是類星體本身的性質，但是Schild有時發現只有一個亮度有變化，他認為是因為類星體忽明忽暗的光通過干擾星系的一部份所形成的透鏡效應，而且令人驚 呀的是推論造成透鏡效應的物體其質量只有地球的數倍之多。
為了計算Q0957+561 類星體各部份的亮度變化頻率，透鏡星系中每一顆恆星必須有近 百萬個質量大小與行星差不多的天體，這些天體確實為行星，可能與恆星一起形成，只是為了計算Q0957+561 類星體各部份的亮度變化頻率，透鏡星系中每一顆恆星必須有近百萬個質量大小與行星差不多的天體，這些天體確實為行星，可能與恆星一起形成，只是不知何時脫離至星際的範圍。根據Schild的發現，全部的恆星所擁有的行星數量與恆星引力所能抓住的一樣多，而且幾乎可以確定每一顆恆星有一個適合居住的行星。
但是有一些天文學家並不贊同Schild的說法。美國俄亥俄州立大學的Andrew Gould研 究Schild的觀測資料，認為雙類星體各別的亮度變化可能是因遙遠的棕矮星所造成的微透鏡效應，而且說明Schild所提到的亮度變化型態對於雙類星體而言相當罕見。若相同的亮度變化終於被發現，則干擾星系可能與之無任何關係，且許多微透鏡天體的紅外線會減少 。另外研究類星體結構的普林斯頓大學Bohdan Paczynski則認為因低質量的天體對於擴大地面光源如同Schild所宣稱的快速，類星體本身可以擴張的區域不大於太陽系的範圍。既然理論學家無法想像為何一個如此小的區域能發出巨大的光度，類星體必定是一個複雜的發光源聚合體。Paczynsk承認類星體被了解的相當少，猜想Schild的亮度測量的錯誤，可能成為微透鏡事件的藉口。
　　隨著大爆炸之後，超新星的演化製造現今所存在的重元素，但目前這些元素的含量接近形成岩石固態的行星所需的量，欲使行星數符合星系的迷失質量，假設的行星必需全可能是巨大的氣體行星如海王星，甚至是質量極低的黑洞。（

疑似原文
求确认，Schild Q星那篇，疑似原文，狗主来确认下啊！！

不确定是不是，求狗主来看看~~~


In the distant, young universe, quasars shine with a brilliance unmatched by anything in the local cosmos. Although they appear starlike in optical telescopes, quasars are actually the bright centers of galaxies located billions of light-years from Earth.
The seething core of a quasar currently is pictured as containing a disk of hot gas spiraling into a supermassive black hole. Some of that gas is forcefully ejected outward in two opposing jets at nearly the speed of light. Theorists struggle to understand the physics of the accretion disk and jets, while observers struggle to peer into the quasar's heart. The central "engine" powering the jets is difficult to study telescopically because the region is so compact and Earth observers are so far away. Astronomer Rudy Schild of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) and his colleagues studied the quasar known as Q0957+561, located about 9 billion light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major, near the Big Dipper. This quasar holds a central compact object containing as much mass as 3-4 billion Suns. Most would consider that object to be a "black hole," but Schild's research suggests otherwise.
"We don't call this object a black hole because we have found evidence that it contains an internally anchored magnetic field that penetrates right through the surface of the collapsed central object, and that interacts with the quasar environment," commented Schild.
The researchers chose Q0957+561 for its association with a natural cosmic lens. The gravity of a nearby galaxy bends space, forming two images of the distant quasar and magnifying its light. Stars and planets within the nearby galaxy also affect the quasar's light, causing small fluctuations in brightness (in a process called "microlensing") when they drift into the line of sight between Earth and the quasar.
Schild monitored the quasar's brightness for 20 years, and led an international consortium of observers operating 14 telescopes to keep the object under steady around-the-clock watch at critical times.
"With microlensing, we can discern more detail from this so-called 'black hole' two-thirds of the way to the edge of the visible universe than we can from the black hole at the center of the Milky Way," said Schild.
Through careful analysis, the team teased out details about the quasar's core. For example, their calculations pinpointed the location where the jets form.
"How and where do these jets form? Even after 60 years of radio observations, we had no answer. Now the evidence is in, and we know," said Schild.
Schild and his colleagues found that the jets appear to emerge from two regions 1,000 astronomical units in size (about 25 times larger than the Pluto-Sun distance) located 8,000 astronomical units directly above the poles of the central compact object. (An astronomical unit is defined as the average distance from the Earth to the Sun, or 93 million miles.) However, that location would be expected only if the jets were powered by reconnecting magnetic field lines that were anchored to the rotating supermassive compact object within the quasar. By interacting with a surrounding accretion disk, such spinning magnetic field lines spool up, winding tighter and tighter until they explosively unite, reconnect and break, releasing huge amounts of energy that power the jets.
"This quasar appears to be dynamically dominated by a magnetic field internally anchored to its central, rotating supermassive compact object," stated Schild.
Further evidence for the importance of the quasar's internally anchored magnetic field is found in surrounding structures. For example, the inner region closest to the quasar appears to have been swept clean of material. The inner edge of the accretion disk, located about 2,000 astronomical units from the central compact object, is heated to incandescence and glows brightly. Both effects are the physical signatures of a swirling, internal magnetic field being pulled around by the rotation of the central compact object - a phenomenon dubbed the "magnetic propeller effect."
Observations also suggest the presence of a broad cone-shaped outflow from the accretion disk. Where lit by the central quasar, it shines in a ring-like outline known as the Elvis structure after Schild's CfA colleague, Martin Elvis, who theorized its existence. The surprisingly large angular opening of the outflow that is observed is best explained by the influence of an intrinsic magnetic field contained within the central compact object in this quasar.
In light of these observations, Schild and his colleagues, Darryl Leiter (Marwood Astrophysics Research Center) and Stanley Robertson (Southwestern Oklahoma State University), have proposed a controversial theory that the magnetic field is intrinsic to the quasar's central, supermassive compact object, rather than only being part of the accretion disk as thought by most researchers. If confirmed, this theory would lead to a revolutionary new picture of quasar structure.
"Our finding challenges the accepted view of black holes," said Leiter. "We've even proposed a new name for them - Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects, or MECOs," a variant of the name first coined by Indian astrophysicist Abhas Mitra in 1998. "Astrophysicists of 50 years ago did not have access to the modern understanding of quantum electrodynamics that is behind our new solutions to Einstein's original equations of relativity."
This research suggests that, in addition to its mass and spin, the quasar's central compact object may have physical properties more like a highly redshifted, spinning magnetic dipole than like a black hole. For that reason, most approaching matter does not disappear forever, but instead feels the motor-like rotating magnetic field and gets spun back out. According to this theory, a MECO does not have an event horizon, so any matter that is able to get by the magnetic propeller is gradually slowed down and stopped at the MECO's highly redshifted surface, with just a weak signal connecting the radiation from that matter to a distant observer. That signal is very hard to observe and has not been detected from Q0957+561.
This research was published in the July 2006 issue of the Astronomical Journal.
Headquartered in Cambridge, Mass., the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is a joint collaboration between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. CfA scientists, organized into six research divisions, study the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the universe.

xie8910

谢谢LZ！加油，一定能杀G的

yuyue888

我今天考到了 感觉中文有点接近 但是英文不是 这篇很难很难 而且好像是低分区象征 因为我考的很低。不过不确认

xie8910

继续求确认，今天还是貌似有考的？

generalzhj

真的吗？哪篇啊？

momododo

orochiaiacos

中文那个感觉很不通顺啊。。。。

InkingZz

额，这个貌似是PREP的。。我前天模考才考过

peggy在奋斗

有狗主确认过说和考古中文那篇一样的