【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-16】

corneliaflower

热烈庆祝小分队回归，撒花~

【精练】

3. The current pattern of human consumption of
resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable
resources, for example metal ore, must eventually
change. Since there is only so much metal ore
available, ultimately we must either do without or
turn to renewable resources to take its place.
Which one of the following is an assumption
required by the argument?
(A) There are renewable resource replacements for
all of the nonrenewable resources currently
being consumed.
(B) We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted
nonrenewable resources with other
nonrenewable resources.
(C) A renewable resource cannot be exhausted by
human consumption.
(D) Consumption of nonrenewable resources will
not continue to increase in the near future.
(E) Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable
resources.

【逻辑链】

73. (25075-!-item-!-188;#058&001412)
Most of Western music since the Renaissance has been based on a seven-note scale known as the diatonic scale, but when did the scale originate?  A fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite has four holes, which are spaced in exactly the right way for playing the third through sixth notes of a diatonic scale.  The entire flute must surely have had more holes, and the flute was made from a bone that was long enough for these additional holes to have allowed a complete diatonic scale to be played.  Therefore, the Neanderthals who made the flute probably used a diatonic musical scale.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first introduces evidence to support the main conclusion of the argument; the second is the main conclusion stated in the argument.
B. The first introduces evidence to support the main conclusion of the argument; the second presents a position to which the argument is opposed.
C. The first describes a discovery as undermining the position against which the argument as a whole is directed; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
D. The first introduces the phenomenon that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second presents a position to which the argument is opposed.
E. The first introduces the phenomenon that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second gives a reason to rule out one possible explanation.
74. (29534-!-item-!-188;#058&004138)
In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars.  When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on.  utting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart.  Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females.  robably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A. Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park
B. How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, if at all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals
C. How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilize rhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars
D. Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any more often than the park’s female rhinoceroses do
E. Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers have for tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park
75. (33198-!-item-!-188;#058&007254)
In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent.  In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent.  The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.  
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?
A. During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount.
B. The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase.
C. Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase.
D. During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year.
E. During the year after the tax increase, there was a greater variety of cigarettes on the market than there had been during the previous year.
76. (28782-!-item-!-188;#058&003417)
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
According to experts on shopping behavior, more shoppers would shop at Jerrod’s department store if they were offered the convenience of shopping carts.  In fact, even if the amount spent by these additional customers only just covered the cost of providing the carts, providing carts would still probably increase Jerrod’s profits, since _______.
A. the layout of Jerrod’s is open enough to accommodate shopping carts comfortably
B. several department stores that compete with Jerrod’s have begun to make shopping carts available to their customers
C. there are some potential customers who would not be enticed to shop at Jerrod’s by the availability of shopping carts
D. stores that make shopping carts available to customers usually have to hire people to retrieve them from parking areas
E. a customer with a shopping cart buys more, on average, than a customer without a cart

Lincy123

P：金属矿产资源有限
C：最终我们要找到可再生能源替换
Assumption
C）correct 可再生能源不会被用完（x）取非，可再生资源会被用完，没有削弱c，即使会被用完也需要替换金属矿产
B）取非：不可再生资源能被另一种不可再生资源取代，削弱结论

无黑体

P：逃跑被抓回来的犀牛生育率低
C：麻醉剂导致的生育率低
Evaluate
E）correct radio 领子是否是唯一可以辨别方位的东西。如果不是，就不用打麻醉装上（x）
C）除了radio collar之外麻醉剂使用的频率。说明别的犀牛也有可能有麻醉剂，correct

P：税收涨了8分，销量下降了10%。涨税之前，销量下降1%
C：香烟销量和税后价格有关
Strengthen
B）消费者知道吸烟有害健康的渠道保持不变。Correct 排除他因

Bg：购物车带来的额外顾客增加的想非不会比购物车成本高
C：提供购物车峰会提高j的利润
P：猜测：旧有顾客买的更多了
e）correct 平均购买数量增多

cyndichiang

精炼 2‘19’‘
premise: there is only so much metal ore available
subconclusion:we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.
conclusion:The current pattern of human consumption of resources must change
Q:assumption
prephrase: 没有GAP，应该是削弱否定，很可能是否定句
(A) There are renewable resource replacements for
all of the nonrenewable resources currently
being consumed.------irrelevant; 让你判断 either do without，而该选项取非，部分可再生资源已经被消费了不削弱结论
(B) We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted
nonrenewable resources with other
nonrenewable resources.---correct;取非后，非可再生依然可以有其他非可再生代替，那么也就没必要转化模式
(C) A renewable resource cannot be exhausted by
human consumption.------opposite；该选项削弱结论
(D) Consumption of nonrenewable resources will
not continue to increase in the near future.-----取非后，对不可再生资源的消费增加，那么slightly support了结论，但是假设是取非削弱The author does not make statements in the near future;irrelevant?
(E) Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable
resources.-----没有理解，答案reads as “Ultimately we must have nonrenewable resources.，实际上削弱了结论，也就是不可用可再生资源代替
感觉这题主要是对we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.这句话的理解我是这样理解的，我们要么以后什么都做不了要么转向使用可再生能源

逻辑链：
1.53’‘
Most of Western music since the Renaissance has been based on a seven-note scale known as the diatonic scale, but when did the scale originate?  ---question
A fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite has four holes, which are spaced in exactly the right way for playing the third through sixth notes of a diatonic scale.  ---evidence
The entire flute must surely have had more holes, and the flute was made from a bone that was long enough for these additional holes to have allowed a complete diatonic scale to be played.  ---evidence
Therefore, the Neanderthals who made the flute probably used a diatonic musical scale.---conclusion

2. 55''
premise: Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart
premise:Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females
conclusion:  some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility
Q:evaluate
prephrase: 果推因，指出他因，或有因无果，无因有果
what if people use a tranquilizer dart to immobile rhinoceroses for  other reasons other than recollaring

3. 41''
premise: 烟税每包上升了8分，销售量上升了10%，而去年销售量相比之前下降了1%
conclusion： 每包烟税后价格和销售量有密切关系
Q：support
prephrase: 税上升了，但是万一税前价格也变化了呢？

4.41’‘
premise：若果提供手推车那么超市的顾客数量会增加
premise: 增加的人数的花费刚好cover掉提供手推车的成本
conclusion： 提供手推车依然可以获得更多利润
Q:explain
prephrase: 使用手推车能增加顾客购买量

苏错

12.06

【精练】

Current pattern must change

Metal availableà renewableresource

Assumption--B

(纠结了N久…Bible解释很给力:Using the AssumptionNegation Technique, the following would clearly attack the conclusion: “We canindefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewableresources.” If the nonrenewable resources can be indefinitely replaced, why dowe need to change our consumption habits? )

【逻辑链】

1. boldface 呢….

2. wear radio collarsà trackrhinoceroses

Evaluate—E(C)

3.tax increase sales had fallen

  Cigarette sales stronglyrelated to after-tax price

Strengthen—B

4.complete the argument--E

w.melhere

错了第三题.
1. 1'11
3. 分析：可以用排除法，其他选项很好排除。
C：如果除了带collar之外还有别的原因要用tranquilizer，那么文中的‘Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females ‘ ，说明re 和un的犀牛可能注射的镇静剂量差不多，也就不能说明镇静剂是影响生育的原因。
4.1’30
5.52‘

Elisha728

5'11'
C?CBE
where is the boldface?

kid381

2-16
76 28’’
Currently, human consumes unrenewable resources, and this trend can’t be supported forever. One day, we should do without any resources or change to renewable resources.
Assumption: human cannot develop and unearth other unrenewable resources in the future (B).
A irrelevant, without A we can still have the conclusion: change or deplete.
B bingo
C is a background info, but irrelevant
D negate this choice does not attack the conclusion
E irrelevant
77 55’’
Boldface C
OA: A
78 39’’
People use tranquilizer to immobile a rhinoceros so that they can wear the collar for the subjects. Sometimes collar will fall and to install the collar again, some extra tranquilizers are used. Research shows that female rhinoceros that have the collar have lower fertility rates, so it might be possible that tranquilizer decrease the fertility ability of female rhinoceros.
Evaluation: whether other activities need to insert tranquilizer to rhinoceros too (C).
79 18’’
Federal tax be raised > lower cigarette consumption.
Prior to tax be raised > less declination in cigarette consumption.
Strengthen: other factors keep equal in these two years (B).
80 44’’
Increase shopping carts > more shopper would shop at Jerrod’s department stores
Experts: even though the increased customer’s consumption can only offset the cost of shopping carts, this measure is lucrative.
Explanation why: besides the new customer attracted by the shopping carts, the old loyal customers will buy more products per shopping (E).

angelann728

精炼 29’
Conclusion: pattern of consumption of resources must be changed.
Premise: nonrenewable resources available are limited. Ultimately, we must either do without nonrenewable resources or replace them by renewable resources.
问Assumption: E
A 削弱
B 迷惑项 不如E好 侧重偏
C 削弱
D 削弱

45’ 没黑体 逻辑思路就premise- conclusion 挺顺的论证关系

生词略多 一遍没懂
Premise：putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart.
putting a collar 需要固定动物通过射麻醉飞镖
Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates低生育率 than uncollared females.  
Conclusion：Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
问evaluate: C 质疑麻醉次数比较

16’
今年10% 去年做参照系1%
conclusion：下降和package tax相关
问strengthen: B 排除他因
ACDE 全削弱

28’
Expert’s suggestion: offer carts will increase consumers
Counter-premise: the costs of offering carts just covered the increased revenue from new consumers
Conclusion: should offer carts
问原因 选B
A 无关
C entice 促使 诱使 削弱
D 削弱
E 陷阱 profits 已定
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~理直气壮错两题成习惯了么。。 为了觉得最后一个选B 比E 合适的。。。

zxppx

3. The current pattern of human consumption of
resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable
resources, for example metal ore, must eventually
change. Since there is only so much metal ore
available, ultimately we must either do without or
turn to renewable resources to take its place.
Which one of the following is an assumption
required by the argument?

The conclusion is that we must change the consumption which relies on nonrenewable resources. So we can have two choices that we either do without or turn to renewable resources to take it place.

A) There are renewable resource replacements for
all of the nonrenewable resources currently
being consumed.

“Replacements for all of the nonrenewable resources” is not right.
(B) We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted
nonrenewable resources with other
nonrenewable resources.

Yes, in this case, we can find out that the answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that another alternative can be eliminated. BA
(C) A renewable resource cannot be exhausted by
human consumption.

It seems to be a contender, but the argument does not reveal that the renewable resource is permanent.
(D) Consumption of nonrenewable resources will
not continue to increase in the near future.

Consumption of nonrenewable resources is not required to reduce.
(E) Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable
resources.

It is one of the choices, but it has been referred in the argument.



73. (25075-!-item-!-188;#058&001412)
Most of Western music since the Renaissance has been based on a seven-note scale known as the diatonic scale, but when did the scale originate? A fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite has four holes, which are spaced in exactly the right way for playing the third through sixth notes of a diatonic scale. The entire flute must surely have had more holes, and the flute was made from a bone that was long enough for these additional holes to have allowed a complete diatonic scale to be played. Therefore, the Neanderthals who made the flute probably used a diatonic musical scale.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?



74. (29534-!-item-!-188;#058&004138)
In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars. When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on. Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females. Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.

这里需要比较的是经常注射镇定剂的母犀牛和没有注射镇定剂的母犀牛它们的生育率。但是文中只提到了“frequently recollared”和“uncollared ”，暗含的假设就是说前者代表“经常被注射镇定剂”，后者“没有被注射镇定剂”。而C选项正好指出了这一点，如果镇定剂除了用来帮助带项圈，还有其他用途的话，那么这两者之间的假设就不成立了，削弱结论；反之，则加强结论

In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?

A. Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park

我觉得如果tranquilizer没有作用的话，不管哪个的数量更多，其生殖能力应该都是一样的；但是如果有作用的话，不管哪个数量更多，被注射的母性犀牛的生殖能力都应该会下降。所以和数量没什么关系！
B. How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, if at all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals

Comparison with other large mammals is irrelevant.
C. How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilize rhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars

The frequency is outside the scope of the argument.

the reason (c) matters is because the study purports to cover the differences between rhinos that have been hit with tranquilizer darts (let's call them "tranks") and those that haven't. however, the study DOESN'T directly split the rhinos into "trank" and "non-trank" groups; it splits them into "frequently recollared" and "not frequently recollared" groups.
the argument therefore depends on the assumption that "frequently recollared" is an adequate proxy for "been hit by tranks" and that "not frequently recollared" is an adequate proxy for "not been hit by tranks".
choice (c) is very much relevant to this assumption, because that association falls apart if the rhinos are getting tranked for lots of other reasons in addition to the collar issue.From Manhattan
D. Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any more often than the park’s female rhinoceroses do

The comparison with male rhinoceroses has no effect on the argument.
E. Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers have for tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park

排除他因



75. (33198-!-item-!-188;#058&007254)
In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?

A. During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount.

Actually, this answer choice weakens the argument by showing that the increased tax is not the main reason that the volume of cigarette sales falls during the first year.
B. The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase.

Yes, it rules out other explanation, thus strengthening the argument. BA
C. Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase.

The answer weakens the argument, because people do not realize the increase in the tax.
D. During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year.

It weakens the argument by introducing other explanation.
E. During the year after the tax increase, there was a greater variety of cigarettes on the market than there had been during the previous year.

Actually, it weakens the argument by showing that the variation of cigarettes may contribute to the decrease.

xiongyz

1.    28s
P: The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available,
C: ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.
Assumption: 已经发现了所有的nonrenewable resources, 并且确定数量是确定的
(A) There are renewable resource replacements for all of the nonrenewable resources currently being consumed. ---correct, 取非削弱，如果没有replacement， 就不能turn to renewable resources
(B) We cannot indefinitely replace exhausted nonrenewable resources with other nonrenewable resources. ---无关
(C) A renewable resource cannot be exhausted by human consumption. ---无关
(D) Consumption of nonrenewable resources will not continue to increase in the near future. ---与consumption的增减无关
(E) Ultimately we cannot do without nonrenewable resources. ---只是陈述了结论中的一句话
正确答案：B， 取非削弱。。。If the nonrenewable resources can be indefinitely replaced, why do we need to change our consumption habits?

2.    60s
没有黑体做不了。。。

3.    42s
B: In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars.  When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on.  utting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart.  
P: Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females.  
C: Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility.
Evaluate: 观察的有collar 和没有collar 的female数量相当。。。
A. Whether there are more collared female rhinoceroses than uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park ---maybe correct…
B. How the tranquilizer that is used for immobilizing rhinoceroses differs, if at all, from tranquilizers used in working with other large mammals ---irrelevant, other large animals
C. How often park rangers need to use tranquilizer darts to immobilize rhinoceroses for reasons other than attaching radio collars ---irrelevant
D. Whether male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park lose their collars any more often than the park’s female rhinoceroses do ---compare 无关
E. Whether radio collars are the only practical means that park rangers have for tracking the movements of rhinoceroses in the park ---irrelevant
正确答案：C， 看了楼上的解释，明白了。。。如果要经常使用镇静剂则结论肯定，如果没有经常，结论否定~~

4.    27s
P: In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent.  In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent.
C:The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.  
Strengthen: 香烟的价格没有下降得比eight-cent increase in the federal tax多
A. During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount. ---weaken
B. The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase. ---correct，排除它因
C. Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase. ---weaken
D. During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year. ---weaken
E. During the year after the tax increase, there was a greater variety of cigarettes on the market than there had been during the previous year. ---无关

5.    23s
P: According to experts on shopping behavior, more shoppers would shop at Jerrod’s department store if they were offered the convenience of shopping carts.  since _______.
C: In fact, even if the amount spent by these additional customers only just covered the cost of providing the carts, providing carts would still probably increase Jerrod’s profits,
Support: providing carts能吸引更多顾客。。。总之有好处~~
A. the layout of Jerrod’s is open enough to accommodate shopping carts comfortably ---irrelevant
B. several department stores that compete with Jerrod’s have begun to make shopping carts available to their customers ---与其他competitor无关
C. there are some potential customers who would not be enticed to shop at Jerrod’s by the availability of shopping carts ---weaken
D. stores that make shopping carts available to customers usually have to hire people to retrieve them from parking areas ---weaken
E. a customer with a shopping cart buys more, on average, than a customer without a cart ---correct, support