26.候鸟辨方向 非考古考古- -。

宣小妞妞妞

请考到候鸟辨方向的同学来看一下~~~~这篇是TPO里的，感觉和狗狗还蛮像的。。


Orientation and Navigation



To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and. in the process, raised new questions.



Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate. Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B.



Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was. in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.



So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.



In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.



What about birds that migrate at night? Perhaps they navigate by the night sky. To test the idea, caged night-migrating birds were placed on the floor of a planetarium during their migratory period. A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year. When the planetarium sky matched the sky outside, the birds fluttered in the direction of their normal migration. But when the dome was rotated, the birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky. The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars.



There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues. Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells. The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time. Furthermore, one sensory ability may back up another.

anjjule

尽管不一定是原文,但看完表示对理解其中的脉络和关系很有帮助.

suntao0209

美女好厉害.......
双开更厉害........
祝MM携750+归

千与千寻117

顶

宣小妞妞妞

这年头来确认的人也少了，这个月流行贴到她们发的狗里去问

-- by 会员 清飞扬 (2012/1/7 14:35:14)

我也不指望这篇能帮上什么忙，毕竟只有文章没题，如果真有题，回忆的同学也该已经回馈出来了T T。

清飞扬

这年头来确认的人也少了，这个月流行贴到她们发的狗里去问

宣小妞妞妞

哦想起来了，貌似TPO是托福的核心资料之一啊，忽视我这个没准备T的人吧。

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/1/7 11:27:45)

我11好考G，14号考T，然后我权衡了一下果断放弃了T。。。

泾渭不凡

哦想起来了，貌似TPO是托福的核心资料之一啊，忽视我这个没准备T的人吧。

宣小妞妞妞

大家都是google出来的么？都怎么找到的啊？厉害啊

-- by 会员 泾渭不凡 (2012/1/7 11:15:58)

因为我做过呀，有点印象~~然后看到狗里说的就想起来了- -。

泾渭不凡

大家都是google出来的么？都怎么找到的啊？厉害啊