In a new book about the antiparty feeling of the early political leaders of the United States, Ralph Ketcham argues that the first six Presidents differed decisively from later Presidents because the first six held values inherited from the classical humanist tradition of eighteenth-century England. In this view, government was designed not to satisfy the private desires of the people but to make them better citizens; this tradition stressed the disinterested devotion of political leaders to the public good. Justice, wisdom, and courage were more important qualities in a leader than the ability to organize voters and win elections. Indeed, leaders were supposed to be called to office rather than to run for office. And if they took up the burdens of public office with a sense of duty, leaders also believed that such offices were naturally their due because of their social preeminence or their contributions to the country. Given this classical conception of leadership, it is not surprising that the first six Presidents condemned political parties.
arties were partial by definition, self-interested, and therefore serving something other than the transcendent public good.
Even during the first presidency (Washington's), however, the classical conception of virtuous leadership was being undermined by commercial forces that had been gathering since at least the beginning of the eighteenth century. Commerce--its profit-making, its self-interestedness, its individualism--became the enemy of these classical ideals. Although Ketcham does not picture the struggle in quite this way, he does rightly see Jackson's tenure (the seventh presidency) as the culmination of the acceptance of party, commerce, and individualism. For the Jacksonians, nonpartisanship lost its relevance, and under the direction of Van Buren, party gained a new legitimacy. The classical ideals of the first six Presidents became identified with a privileged aristocracy, an aristocracy that had to be overcome in order to allow competition between opposing political interests. Ketcham is so strongly committed to justifying the classical ideals, however, that he underestimates the advantages of their decline. For example, the classical conception of leadership was incompatible with our modern notion of the freedoms of speech and press, freedoms intimately associated with the legitimacy of opposing political parties.
文章的七经八脉：
“Ralph Ketcham”说美国的前六位总统受18世纪英国古典人文主义传统的影响很重----介绍一下那个时候的“leader”是什么样子的，要求是什么----作者开始发表自己的观点---其实从华盛顿开始商业的力量就不可忽视了---虽然“Ralph Ketcham”并没有提这点，但是他说明了这个影响在第7人总统是达到顶点----“Ralph Ketcham”低估了“classical ideals”减少的优势。
总体上来讲，这篇文章是一个评论观点的文章，全文围绕着“Ralph Ketcham”的观点展开并对其观点的正确之处和错误之处给予指出和点评。作者最后发表了自己的观点。因此主旨较为容易确定。但是细节较多，文章中的比较难理解的句子还是较多的。
Question 29：
The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing and comparing two theories about the early history of the United States
(B) describing and analyzing an argument about the early history of the United States
(C) discussing new evidence that qualifies a theory about the early history of the United States
(D) refuting a theory about political leadership in the United States
(E) resolving an ambiguity in an argument about political leadership in the United States
题目释义：
主旨题目
考点：
主旨（Main idea）
旨在考察我们对文章整体的把握程度，对文章的结构的分析能力和把控能力，以及对作者逻辑的判断。
正如“七经八脉”里所说，这篇文章主要是评论了一个观点。即“Ralph Ketcham”的观点。主旨较易找出。
选项分析：
(A) 描述和比较关于美国的早期历史的学说。文中不涉及到两个观点。
(B) Correct。描述和分析关于美国的早期历史的一个观点。同考点所说。
(C) 讨论限定一个关于美国的早期历史的学说的新证据。作者在文中没有提到过相应的证据。只是单纯的评述“Ralph Ketcham”观点。
(D) 反对一个关于美国政治领导的学说。首先作者并没有完全反对“Ralph Ketcham”的学说。其次这个学说并不是完全讲关于政治领导的，是一个关于美国早期历史的学说。
(E) 解决一个关于美国的早期历史的一个观点中的矛盾。文中没有提到有矛盾的观点。
Question 30：
According to the passage, the author and Ketcham agree on which of the following points?
(A) The first six Presidents held the same ideas about political parties as did later Presidents in the United States.
(B) Classical ideals supported the growth of commercial forces in the United States.
(C) The first political parties in the United States were formed during Van Buren's term in office.
(D) The first six Presidents placed great emphasis on individualism and civil rights.
(E) Widespread acceptance of political parties occurred during Andrew Jackson's presidency.
题目释义：
细节题目
考点：
支持主题（Supporting ideas）
旨在考察我们对文章细节的认知
这个题目定位在第三段，只有在作者发表观点的段落才能看出作者的态度，即作者同意哪些观点，反对哪些观点。
选项分析：
(A) 前6位总统和以后的美国总统对政党有相同的观点。两个人都认为前6位和以后的总统在对待政党问题上看法迥异。这个选项说反了。
(B) 古典的理想支持在美国生长商业力量。定位在“Commerce--its profit-making, its self-interestedness, its individualism--became the enemy of these classical ideals. ”和其的一句“Although Ketcham does not picture the struggle in quite this way, he does rightly see Jackson's tenure (the seventh presidency) as the culmination of the acceptance of party, commerce, and individualism. ”显然看出，两个人都是不这么认为的。尤其是作者。
(C) 在美国的第一个政党是在“Van Buren”的任期中建立的。关键词出现在这句话中“For the Jacksonians, nonpartisanship lost its relevance, and under the direction of Van Buren, party gained a new legitimacy. ”从中也可以看出政党是有了新的合法性。也说明了政党不是这个时候才建立的。
(D) 前6位总统很强调公民权和利己主义。还是可以定位到选项B中的那句话，说明至少利己主义是在前6位总统时期是不被认同的。公民权文中没有被提到。
(E) Correct。在“Andrew Jackson”的任期政党被广泛接受。定位在“he does rightly see Jackson's tenure (the seventh presidency) as the culmination of the acceptance of party, commerce, and individualism. ”是作者对“Ketcham”观点的评价也是认同。同时说明了在“Andrew Jackson”时期，政党被广泛接受。
Question 31：
It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree that modern views of the freedoms of speech and press are
(A) values closely associated with the beliefs of the aristocracy of the early United States
(B) political rights less compatible with democracy and individualism than with classical ideals
(C) political rights uninfluenced by the formation of opposing political parties
(D) values not inherent in the classical humanist tradition of eighteenth-century England
(E) values whose interpretation would have been agreed on by all United States Presidents
题目释义：
细节题目
考点：
推断（Inference）
旨在考察我们对文章的深度理解，以及逻辑推断能力。
这个题目的关键词十分明显，定位很容易“For example, the classical conception of leadership was incompatible with our modern notion of the freedoms of speech and press, freedoms intimately associated with the legitimacy of opposing political parties.”。这是文中的最后部分。
选项分析：
(A) 是与早期美国贵族统治关系紧密的价值观。根据定位句的前半句，我们知道，言论自由与古典的观点是矛盾的（在第二段的“The classical ideals of the first six Presidents became identified with a privileged aristocracy”中，古典观点和贵族统治被划了等号）。所以这个选项是错误的。
(B) 政治权力在民主主义和个人主义中比之于古典理想更为容易共存。这个选项的内容在文中没有提到过，也无从推出。
(C) 政治权力未受反对党的组成的影响。这个的关键词在“freedoms intimately associated with the legitimacy of opposing political parties.”。原句是在解释自由的来源是什么。
(D) Correct。这样的价值观不是18世纪英格兰传统古典人文主义学者所有的内在价值观。从考点中说的定位句可以知道，既然两者本来矛盾，那肯定在18世纪的英格兰“言论自由”这个价值观是不存在的。
(E) 被美国所有的总统所认同的价值观的诠释（意思就是说言论自由是美国历任总统都认同的价值观）。显然这个选项不正确。第三段的行文已经说的很清楚了。只有前六任以后“言论自由”这个价值观才被逐渐认同。
Question 32：
Which of the following, if true, provides the LEAST support for the author's argument about commerce and political parties during Jackson's presidency?
(A) Many supporters of Jackson resisted the commercialization that could result from participation in a national economy.
(B)
rotest against the corrupt and partisan nature of political parties in the United States subsided during Jackson's presidency.
(C) During Jackson's presidency the use of money became more common than bartering of goods and services.
(D) More northerners than southerners supported Jackson because southerners were opposed to the development of a commercial economy.
(E) Andrew Jackson did not feel as strongly committed to the classical ideals of leadership as George Washington had felt.
题目释义：
细节题目
考点：
逻辑结构（Logical structure）
旨在考察我们对文章结构的认知，以及对作者行文目的的判断。
这个题目的定位比较模糊。只要区分清楚J对于商业和政治的观点就不难推断出答案。注意题目是要求找出不支持的一项。
选项分析：
(A) Correct. 许多Jackson的支持者反对由于加入国民经济而引发的商业化。这个选项属于直接反对。不论是什么为基础的商业化，只要被“Jackson”的支持者反对了，都是反对作者对于Jackson任期中“商业化”这一论点的。
(B) 在jackson的任期，抗议腐败和党派性强的美国政党的声音平息了。对政党否定之声的平息支持了作者对于J任期政治上的观点。
(C) 在J的任期中，钱变得比用等价物交换更为普遍。直接支持作者对于J任期商业更为重要的观点，钱的更多使用表示了商业的色彩更浓（以物换物更多的是对必须品的需求，而不是商业化）。
(D) 更多的北方人支持J因为南方人反对商业经济的发展。只要看懂了“oppose”的意思，这个选项比较容易排出。属于直接支持。
(E) Andrew Jackson没有像George Washington一样的强烈致力于古典的理想。华盛顿是非商业化的支持者，J没有和他一样的观点证明J支持商业化。属于支持选项。
-- by 会员 12604698 (2012/1/3 18:30:55)
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发表于 2012-1-3 17:40:18
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