【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-9】

balapupu

【精练】
2. If something would have been justifiably regretted if
it had occurred, then it is something that one should
not have desired in the first place. It follows that
many forgone pleasures should not have been
desired in the first place.
The conclusion above follows logically if which one
of the following is assumed?
(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would
not have been justifiably regretted.
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets
not having is a forgone pleasure.
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been
justifiably regretted.
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in
the first place fails to be a pleasure.
【逻辑链】
41.    (32895-!-item-!-188;#058&007553)


In comparison to the standard typewriter keyboard, the EFCO keyboard, which places the most-used keys nearest the typist's strongest fingers, allows faster typing and results in less fatigue.  Therefore, replacement of standard keyboards with the EFCO keyboard will result in an immediate reduction of typing costs.


Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn above?


(A) People who use both standard and EFCO keyboards report greater difficulty in the transition from the EFCO keyboard to the standard keyboard than in the transition from the standard keyboard to the EFCO keyboard.
(B) EFCO keyboards are no more expensive to manufacture than are standard keyboards and require less frequent repair than do standard keyboards.
(C) The number of businesses and government agencies that use EFCO keyboards is increasing each year.
(D) The more training and experience an employee has had with the standard keyboard, the more costly it is to train that employee to use the EFCO keyboard.
(E) Novice typists can learn to use the EFCO keyboard in about the same amount of time it takes them to learn to use the standard keyboard.


42.    (32943-!-item-!-188;#058&007554)


Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged.  They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level.  Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.


The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?


(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.
(B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.
(C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.
(D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.
(E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.


43.    (32991-!-item-!-188;#058&007555)


Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.  The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.


Which of the following, if true, would best support the conclusion that some ingredient of the sweetener was responsible for the experimental results?


(A) Most consumers of the sweetener do not consume as much of it as the experimental group members did.
(B) The amino acid referred to in the conclusion is a component of all proteins, some of which must be consumed for adequate nutrition.
(C) The quantity of the sweetener consumed by individuals in the experimental group is considered safe by federal food regulators.
(D) The two groups of subjects were evenly matched with regard to cognitive abilities prior to the experiment.
(E) A second experiment in which subjects consumed large quantities of the sweetener lacked a control group of subjects who were not given the sweetener.


44.    (33039-!-item-!-188;#058&007556)


Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.  The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.


Which of the following, if true, would best help explain how the sweetener might produce the observed effect?


(A) The government's analysis of the artificial sweetener determined that it was sold in relatively pure form.
(B) A high level of the amino acid in the blood inhibits the synthesis of a substance required for normal brain functioning.
(C) Because the sweetener is used primarily as a food additive, adverse reactions to it are rarely noticed by consumers.
(D) The amino acid that is a constituent of the sweetener is also sold separately as a dietary supplement.
(E) Subjects in the experiment did not know whether they were consuming the sweetener or a second, harmless substance.

Lincy123

P：如果一件事情发生了就会后悔，那在一开始就不该渴望它

C：在一开始就不该渴望forgone pleasures

Gap：发生了就后悔 == forgone pleasures？

A） 一个人永远不该对开心后悔。Weaken

B） 没有被渴望的FP不会被后悔。取非，被渴望的FP不会被后悔。

C） 一个人渴望但是后悔没有做的东西就是FP。

D）很多FP会被后悔。Correct

E） 没有在一开始就不该渴望的东西不是pleasure

  

P：EFCO键盘打字更快更不疲劳

C：用EFCO会省很多打字成本

Weaken

A） 从EFCO转为标准键盘比从标准键盘转为EFCO难。无关

B） EFCO键盘的费用不会高于标准键盘，而且需要的修理费少。Strengthen

C） 使用EFCO的政府和企业越来越多。无关

D）员工在标准键盘的训练和经验越多，使用EFCO的训练成本越高。Correct

E） 打字员学习两个键盘的时间相等。无关

  

P：超重的人新城代谢满，所以消耗卡路里少

C：减肥变瘦的人最后会反弹回符合新陈代谢速率的体型

Assumption：不通过节食，新陈代谢还是不变吗

A） 很少减肥变瘦的持续消耗比常人更少的卡路里。Correct

那些通过diet成功减重的overweight的人中，几乎没有人会像同等重量的average weight people那样继续维持低热量食物的摄取。换言之，这些减重成功者的体重很有可能bounce back. 再加上自身代谢率低（即燃烧脂肪慢）。

B） 正常人的新陈代谢比超重的人变化更多。无关

C） 一个人一天消耗的卡路里取决于当天吃的而不是现在的体重。

D）学者还没确定是否通过化学药物能加速新陈代谢。取非，能通过化学药物改变速率。Correct（x）

E） 因为新陈代谢速率不变，目前体重的增肥和减肥一样难。Weaken

  

P：实验组消耗大量人工甜味剂。认知能力比控制组低。

C：效果归因于一种氨基酸，是一种甜味剂的核心组成物

Strengthen

A） 大部分吃甜味剂的人不吃实验组那么多量。无关

B） 结论里的氨基酸是组成所有蛋白质的成分，有些蛋白质一定要摄入。无关

C） 实验组吃甜味剂的量是法规内安全的范围。无关

D）两组样本在实验之前的认知水平是相同的。Correct

E） 第二个实验中，吃甜味剂的组没有控制组。无关

  

解释原理？

A） 政府对人工甜味剂的分析决定了它要以纯粹的形式销售。无关

B） 血液中高水平的氨基酸禁止了正常大脑运作所需的物质的合成。Correct

C） 甜味剂是食物添加剂，很少有消费者发现它有相反的反应。无关

D）氨基酸是甜味剂的成分，也有单独售卖。无关

E） 样本不知道他们是否在吃甜味剂还是无害物质。无关

cyndichiang

逻辑链
1.17’‘
premise: EFCO use faster typing and less fatigue
conclusion: replacement of standard keyboards with the EFCO keyboard will result in an immediate reduction of typing costs.
Q:weaken
prephrase: EFCO cannot lead to immediate reduction since workers should be trained for some time

2.44''
premise: outweigh people's metabolism is unchanged and burn fewer calories than that of normal people
conclusion: new thin people after dieting will regain weight to match their metabolism
Q: Assumption
prephrase: if those people still keep dieting?

3.33''
premise: people have lower cognitive abilities after consuming artificial sweetener
conclusion: it's due to amino acid in sweetener
Q: Support
prephrase: 果推因   否定一个他因：there are no other factors can lead to the lower cognitive abilities
when the amino acid is removed from artificial sweetener, people who consume this sweetener will have normal cognitive abilities
Q: Explain(how the sweetener might produce the observed effect)
prephrase: explain the mechanism of amino acid

cyndichiang

精炼 1‘47’‘
premise:justifiably regretted --->not have desired in the first place
conclusion:many forgone pleasures --> not have been desired in the first place.
Q:Assumption
prepharse:感觉又是伟大的三段论：A-->B    C--->B  那么选项要同时涉及AC
选错了B
(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.-----只提到了A
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would
not have been justifiably regretted.----同时提到AC 留着；注意Conclusion中的MANY，我以为是必要条件啊，没有注意many
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets
not having is a forgone pleasure.-----同时ABC
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been
justifiably regretted.-----提到AC 留着;correct with a minimum of effort.
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in
the first place fails to be a pleasure.----irrelevant;没有C

irenetopia

【精练】
2. If something would have been justifiably regretted if
it had occurred, then it is something that one should
not have desired in the first place. It follows that
many forgone pleasures should not have been
desired in the first place.
The conclusion above follows logically if which one
of the following is assumed?
Logic： justifiably regret——should not have desired
So      FP should not desired
问assume：FP——justifiably regret

(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.——irrelevant
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would
not have been justifiably regretted.——反了
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets
not having is a forgone pleasure.——irrelevant
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been
justifiably regretted.——bingo！
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in
the first place fails to be a pleasure.——看到这么绝对的词你还要选？！

【逻辑链】
41.    (32895-!-item-!-188;#058&007553)
In comparison to the standard typewriter keyboard, the EFCO keyboard, which places the most-used keys nearest the typist's strongest fingers, allows faster typing and results in less fatigue.  Therefore, replacement of standard keyboards with the EFCO keyboard will result in an immediate reduction of typing costs.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn above?
logic：EFCO is good！blablablabla~~~
So    EFCO may replace the traditional keyboard
问weaken：缩小它的优势，或缩小两个之间的差距

(A) People who use both standard and EFCO keyboards report greater difficulty in the transition from the EFCO keyboard to the standard keyboard than in the transition from the standard keyboard to the EFCO keyboard.——irrelevant，甚至support了
(B) EFCO keyboards are no more expensive to manufacture than are standard keyboards and require less frequent repair than do standard keyboards.——support
(C) The number of businesses and government agencies that use EFCO keyboards is increasing each year.——support
(D) The more training and experience an employee has had with the standard keyboard, the more costly it is to train that employee to use the EFCO keyboard.——bingo！training costs a lot
(E) Novice typists can learn to use the EFCO keyboard in about the same amount of time it takes them to learn to use the standard keyboard.——support


42.    (32943-!-item-!-188;#058&007554)
Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged.  They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level.  Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.
The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?
logic: overweight people lose weight——metabolic slow
      Burning Calories fewer——ultimate Regain weight
问assume：有个hole。为什么从消耗卡路里低一下子跳到最后反弹了？继续消耗卡路里了
(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.——bingo!
(B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.——irrelevant
(C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.——irrelevant
(D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.——irrelevant
(E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it. ——irrelevant


43.    (32991-!-item-!-188;#058&007555)


Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.  The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.
Which of the following, if true, would best support the conclusion that some ingredient of the sweetener was responsible for the experimental results?
logic： consume sweetener——lower cognitive than not consume
Amino acid in sweetener attribute the principal constituent
问assumption
(A) Most consumers of the sweetener do not consume as much of it as the experimental group members did.——irrelevant
(B) The amino acid referred to in the conclusion is a component of all proteins, some of which must be consumed for adequate nutrition.——irrelevant
(C) The quantity of the sweetener consumed by individuals in the experimental group is considered safe by federal food regulators.——irrelevant
(D) The two groups of subjects were evenly matched with regard to cognitive abilities prior to the experiment.——bingo!
(E) A second experiment in which subjects consumed large quantities of the sweetener lacked a control group of subjects who were not given the sweetener.——irrelevant


44.    (33039-!-item-!-188;#058&007556)


Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.  The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.
Which of the following, if true, would best help explain how the sweetener might produce the observed effect?
logic：跟上面一样
问explain：就是总结

(A) The government's analysis of the artificial sweetener determined that it was sold in relatively pure form.——irrelevant
(B) A high level of the amino acid in the blood inhibits the synthesis of a substance required for normal brain functioning.——bingo！
(C) Because the sweetener is used primarily as a food additive, adverse reactions to it are rarely noticed by consumers.——irrelevant
(D) The amino acid that is a constituent of the sweetener is also sold separately as a dietary supplement.——。。。new information

苏错

11.29
【精练】
premise:If something would have been justifiably regretted if it had
occurred, then it is something that one should not have
desired in the first place.
conclusion:Many forgone pleasures should not have been desired in the
first place.
assumption? 中间概念不等同， forgone pleasures=justifiably regretted?

A.概念不对等
B.would not
C.everything
D.correct
E.概念不对等

【逻辑链】
1.EFCO allows faster typing and less fatigue
So--replacement will result in reduction of costs
weaken--D

2.diet to lose weight , metabolisms remain unchanged.
So -- regain weight until metabolic rate match
assumption--B (A，the newly thinned people’s metabolic rate will stay stable)

3.experiment:  consume sweetener group cognitive abilities <
  did not consume sweeener   because an amino acid
support--E (D 实验前提)

4.same material
help explain--B

w.melhere

1. 错啦。看似复杂，只是因为题目不理解。其实中间的gap很明显。是“搭桥”
          background: if sth occured is regretted---> it is sth not desired
          conclusion:forgone pleasure was no desired at first place
           assumption? forgone pleasure= sth. regretted----> answer
2. 1'23
3.2'30  这个也错了。
A：减肥后以前overweight的人不会再继续减肥。支持了结论。
B：不超重的人MR比较容易改变。这是题目中给出的条件---维持原有的MR。不能作为新的假设支持。且更应该关注从前超的人的MR的改变。有点无关。

4.1'40
5.40'

sakurasong

DDDDB
-DDADB
42.
B: O, who tend to have low MR, lose weight primarily through dieting. M remain unchanged
P: O burn fewer calories at new weight than normal do
C: Thin persons will regain weight until body size matches MR.

A: O dieted down to a new weight tend to consume fewer calories than normal people do.

艾筱豆

B
D
A
D
B

lyrsilvia

D DADB
1. 18'
P:  If something would have been justifiably regretted if it had occurred, then it is something that one should not have desired in the first place.
C: many forgone pleasures should not have been desired in the first place.
ASSUMPTION: forgone pleasure=regretted
答案：D
(A) One should never regret one’s pleasures.------irrelevant. whether people should regret does nothing to the conclusion
(B) Forgone pleasures that were not desired would not have been justifiably regretted.--------if this true, forgone pleasures should not be classify as "not have been desired". this statement just violate the premise
(C) Everything that one desires and then regrets not having is a forgone pleasure.----------A-->B does not mean B-->A. here, A=forgone pleasure. B=regretted and not have desired
(D) Many forgone pleasures would have been justifiably regretted.--------CORRECT. the gap between the premise and the conclusion in the question is just the regretted between forgone pleasures
(E) Nothing that one should not have desired in the first place fails to be a pleasure.----------we are not talking about what's a pleasure

2. 12'
P: the EFCO keyboard places the most-used keys nearest the typist's strongest fingers and allows faster typing and results in less fatigue.
C: eplacement of standard keyboards with the EFCO keyboard will result in an immediate reduction of typing costs.
WEAKEN: other costs may emerge
答案：D
(A) People who use both standard and EFCO keyboards report greater difficulty in the transition from the EFCO keyboard to the standard keyboard than in the transition from the standard keyboard to the EFCO keyboard.-------------difficulty is not the concern but cost is
(B) EFCO keyboards are no more expensive to manufacture than are standard keyboards and require less frequent repair than do standard keyboards.-----------support instead
(C) The number of businesses and government agencies that use EFCO keyboards is increasing each year.----------------also slightly support
(D) The more training and experience an employee has had with the standard keyboard, the more costly it is to train that employee to use the EFCO keyboard.--------------CORRECT. pay attention to the word "costly". this statement just clear mention the cost the replacement generate
(E) Novice typists can learn to use the EFCO keyboard in about the same amount of time it takes them to learn to use the standard keyboard.-------------slightly support.

3. 24'
P: very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged.  They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level.
C: Such newly thin persons will ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.
ASSUMPTION: they will eat more after losing weight?
答案：A
(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.-----------CORRECT. means once they reached the new weight, they will begin eating more, thus gain weight again.
(B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.--------------how is the metabolisms vary does not matter whether they will become fat again.
(C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.-------------states what the calories are determined. no useful information to judge whether fat people will be fat again.
取反: the calories are not determined more by the amount that is consumed that day. 无意义。and the statement or the question does not state how many calories fat people consume a day. so that is the main point of this reasoning
(D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.-----------still whether can be accelerated or not does not affect the whole picture.取非: has already determined that the metabolic rates can be accelerated. this statement does not illustrate the degree of acceleration. so if still too slow, this will not be useful to conclusion anything
(E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.----------------gaining weight is not the topical subject in this question.

4. 27'
P: Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.
C: The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.
SUPPORT: some evidence support that amino acid is the only variable in the experiment
答案：D
(A) Most consumers of the sweetener do not consume as much of it as the experimental group members did.--------------what consumers do is irrelevant
(B) The amino acid referred to in the conclusion is a component of all proteins, some of which must be consumed for adequate nutrition.------------what the amino acid is does not affect the conclusion.this statement just imply that there are some differences in adequate nutrition between these two groups, but the question does not say anything about this. be cautious about such irrelevant information
(C) The quantity of the sweetener consumed by individuals in the experimental group is considered safe by federal food regulators.-----------whether it is safe does nothing to the question.
(D) The two groups of subjects were evenly matched with regard to cognitive abilities prior to the experiment.----------------CORRECT. states that the only variable is the amino acid.
(E) A second experiment in which subjects consumed large quantities of the sweetener lacked a control group of subjects who were not given the sweetener.----------------the difference between two experiment is irrelevant.
BE CAUTIOUS ABOUT ANSWER B. THINK MORE STRAIGHTLY AND DIRECTLY. AND ANALYZED THE GAP CLEARLY IN THE QUESTION AND GET THE CORRECT ORIENTATION FIRST.

5. 18' same content as 4
P: Half of the subjects in an experiment--the experimental group--consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener.  Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects--the control group--who did not consume the sweetener.
C: The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener's principal constituents.
EXPLAIN: digest the sweetener-->lower cognitive abilities
答案：B
(A) The government's analysis of the artificial sweetener determined that it was sold in relatively pure form.---------pure form cause lower cognitive abilities? too unreasonable
(B) A high level of the amino acid in the blood inhibits the synthesis of a substance required for normal brain functioning.-------------CORRECT. clearly explain the reason why lower cognitive abilities formed
(C) Because the sweetener is used primarily as a food additive, adverse reactions to it are rarely noticed by consumers.-----------clearly irrelevant. what sweetener used does not explain why it harm people
(D) The amino acid that is a constituent of the sweetener is also sold separately as a dietary supplement.-------------whether it sold separately as supplement can not explain
(E) Subjects in the experiment did not know whether they were consuming the sweetener or a second, harmless substances.-------------whether subjects know or not does not explain. this just state the fairness of the experiment.
对比4，5题，发现4题中干扰项B更多偏向解释，而非assumption。explain的前提是这个结论确实成立，而assumption的前提是“在此assumption成立的情况下，这个结论才得以成立”. These two aspects should be treated carefully. it is really confusing.