1. 大全TEST 21 Tocqueville, a nineteenth-century writer known for his study of democracy in the United States, believed that a government that centralizes power in one individual or institution is dangerous to its citizens. Biographers claim that Tocqueville disliked centralized government because he blamed Napoleon’s rule for the poverty of his childhood in Normandy.
Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the biographers’ claim?
A: Tocqueville said he knew that if his father had not suffered ill health, his family would have had a steady income and a comfortable standard of living.
2. 大全TEST 21 Seven countries signed a treaty binding each of them to perform specified actions on a certain fixed date, with the actions of each conditional on simultaneous action taken by the other countries. Each country was also to notify the six other countries when it had completed its action. The simultaneous-action provision of the treaty leaves open the possibility that A: each country might have a well-founded excuse, based on the provision, for its own lack of compliance
3. 大全TEST 20 The tax system of the Republic of Grootland encourages borrowing by granting its taxpayers tax relief for interest paid on loans. The system also discourages saving by taxing any interest earned on savings. Nevertheless, it is clear that Grootland’s tax system does not consistently favor borrowing over saving, for if it did, there would be no______ A: tax relief in Grootland for those portions of a taxpayer’s income, if any, that are set aside to increase that taxpayer’s total savings
4. 大全TEST20 Many state legislatures are considering proposals to the effect that certain policies should be determined not by the legislature itself but by public referenda in which every voter can take part. Critics of the proposals argue that the outcomes of public referenda would be biased, since wealthy special-interest groups are able to influence voters’ views by means of television advertisements. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the critics’ argument? A: Proponents of policies that are opposed by wealthy special-interest groups are often unable to afford advertising time on local television stations.
AA: 本月高频出现JJ Q5 The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper: “This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently weren’t so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the state’s college students than are the protesters. Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.”
1. 30s
BG： A writer criticize the centralized power in one individual or institution
Premise：His childhood is in poverty due to Napole's centralized power.
Conclusion: Therefore he criticize the centralized power.
Weaken： Napolen is not to blame for his poverty in childhood
2. 40s
7 countries agree to take actions at the same time and notify the other 6 countries when they finish their own part.
This makes it possible that all countries wait for others' action
3, 60s
BG1： G encourages borrowing by reducing the interest of loan
BG2: G discourages saving by taxation of all the savings
Conclusion: G is not always favoring borrowing over saving.
Counterexample： continuous borrowing without saving is not possible.
4. 32s
Proposal : legislation should not only based on legislature, but on public referenda, in which every voter can take part.
Critics: It can be not fair because the rich voter can influence the legislation by advertising.
Strengthen： Advertisements exert great influence on legislature
1 45s
现象解释型
P T dislike centralized government
C because he blamed N for the poverty of his childhood.
weaken: other reasons account for the dislike of centralized government
2 55s
P A treaty:7 binding specified action
P each of them performed the action simultaneously with other countries
C the countries end the performance at the same time
3 1'18''
P borrowing-no tax on interest rate
P saving-tax on interest rate
C but G does not favor borrowing over saving
complete the argument: no tax?
4 38s
C This referenda is biased.
P The wealth people could inluece others' vies by mean of television advertisements.
strengthen:The television is an important source for voters to gain info.
AA
1.The other 12,000 students stayed on compus of left for winter bread did not mean that they are not concerned about their education. May be the school did not allow many people to come come to protest.
2.Perhaps these 200 students are the representatives of the students, and their appeals are the most important.
3.Only because 200 students came protesting did not show that the state legislature need not heed the appeals. There are others reasons as well. Not only about the numbers of protestors.
8-29 1. 28s Tocqueville, a nineteenth-century writer known for his study of democracy in the United States, believed that a government that centralizes power in one individual or institution is dangerous to its citizens. Biographers claim that Tocqueville disliked centralized government because he blamed Napoleon’s rule for the poverty of his childhood in Normandy. Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the biographers’ claim? 背景：T学家说，一个政府如果集中于个人或者某个组织是不好的。 结论：一个传纪学家说,T学家不喜欢集权政府是因为他的童年受到拿破仑政府的迫害。
削弱：拿破仑政府也不是T 学家说的集权政府。 A: Tocqueville said he knew that if his father had not suffered ill health, his family would have had a steady income and a comfortable standard of living. 破坏联系
2. 28s Seven countries signed a treaty binding each of them to perform specified actions on a certain fixed date, with the actions of each conditional on simultaneous action taken by the other countries. Each country was also to notify the six other countries when it had completed its action. The simultaneous-action provision of the treaty leaves open the possibility that conditional on 有……的条件 背景：7个国家签署一个协定都在某一天 take action，条件是其他国家take的刺激。 结论：任何一个take action, 就要通知其他6个
削弱：可能都不干。 A: each country might have a well-founded excuse, based on the provision, for its own lack of compliance总结上文
3. 35s The tax system of the Republic of Grootland encourages borrowing by granting its taxpayers tax relief for interest paid on loans. The system also discourages saving by taxing any interest earned on savings. Nevertheless, it is clear that Grootland’s tax system does not consistently favor borrowing over saving, for if it did, there would be no______ 背景：一个国家鼓励借钱，有利息的税收优惠。不鼓励存钱，存钱的利息都收税，没有税收优惠。 结论：达不到鼓励借，不鼓励存的目的。 这个税收政策不能一直照顾借贷，而不照顾存钱。
支持：因为如果得到了目的，就没有钱借了。 A: tax relief in Grootland for those portions of a taxpayer’s income, if any, that are set aside to increase that taxpayer’s total savings tax relief税收减免 题干的意思是：G的税收系统鼓励借贷，同时为这里的纳税人提供担保，以减税的形式去支付借贷的利息。而这个税收系统又不鼓励储蓄，它对储蓄所得征收利息税。然而（Nevertheless），非常清楚的是，G的税收系统并不一直偏好借贷胜于储蓄，因为如果它是这样的话，那么将不会……
题目要求找一个能在逻辑上使题干完整的选项。
请注意，题干的信息量非常大，也很绕，Nevertheless这个词非常关键，因为后面是作者的观点，正确选项必须和这个观点一致。即：正确选项的含义是G的税收系统不一直偏好借贷胜过储蓄。下面看for if it did，for表示后面说的是一个原因，要能够解释作者的观点，而这句话又是一个假设，含义是如果它偏好借贷胜过储蓄的话，那么……逻辑在这里又转了一个弯。 A选项的含义是，那么将不会有减税行为，如果有，那么这些减掉的税又会变成纳税人的储蓄。 这是个正确选项，因为作者的观点是G的税收系统不一直偏好借贷胜过储蓄，因为如果是这样的话，那么就不会有减税了，如果有任何的减税，减掉的税会变成纳税人的储蓄。这是一个合理的逻辑推论，表示G的税收系统本身存在内部的矛盾，这个系统本意是想要鼓励借贷，不鼓励储蓄，但鼓励借贷的结果却变成了储蓄增多。这正好证明了作者的观点。
4. 38 Many state legislatures are considering proposals to the effect that certain policies should be determined not by the legislature itself but by public referenda in which every voter can take part. Critics of the proposals argue that the outcomes of public referenda would be biased, since wealthy special-interest groups are able to influence voters’ views by means of television advertisements. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the critics’ argument? 前提：提议说政策要听听民众的意见。 结论：这个不好，以为是由biased的，有钱人可以通过电视广告影响投票结果
支持：有钱人的意见都是biased的。 A: Proponents of policies that are opposed by wealthy special-interest groups are often unable to afford advertising time on local television stations. 前提支持
AA: 本月高频出现JJ Q5 The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper: “This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently weren’t so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the state’s college students than are the protesters. Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.” capitol building州议会大厦 1. 没有来的人不是不反对，只是来不了 2. 即使来的人很少，也不能说他们不代表大家的意见，他们都是选出来的学生代表。 3. 即使真的反对的人比较少，也不能用人数来衡量说这个抗议不重要
1.不知道多少秒，就觉得我做过，然后就掐停了。。 Conclusion: T dislikes centarlization because the strategy Napol... brings to his family Weaken: Other reason... （balapupu的那个也不错~吼吼）
2. 第二题不写了。。总之跟balapupu的答案一样。。我选的这个倒霉题啊= =
3. 35s 我只能说答案又和balapupu的一致，但是正确答案又不是这个= =
4. 35s Conclusion: Public choice is biased Premise: Interest groups have influence on the outcome since they manipulate ads
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发表于 2011-8-28 22:55:48
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