【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑1-12】

kidvii

逻辑汇总贴：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-580862-1-1.html
阅读姊妹篇：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-562296-1-1.html

NO.1
Physician: In itself, exercise does not cause heart attacks; rather, a sudden increase in an exercise regimen can be a cause. When people of any physical condition suddenly increase their amount of exercise, they also increase their risk of heart attack. As a result, there will be an increased risk of heart attack among employees of this company due to the new health program.
The conclusion drawn by the physician follows logically if which one of the flowing is assumed?
(A) Employees will abruptly increase their amount of exercise as a result of the new health program.
NO.2
Last month OCF, Inc., announced what it described as a unique new product: an adjustable computer workstation. Three days later ErgoTech unveiled an almost identical product. The two companies claim that the similarities are coincidental and occurred because the designers independently reached the same solution to the same problem. The similarities are too fundamental to be mere coincidence, however. The two products not only look alike, but they also work alike. Both are oddly shaped with identically placed control panels with the same types of controls. Both allow the same types of adjustments and the same types of optional enhancements.
The main point of the argument is that
(C) The similarities between the two products are not coincidental.
NO.3
An anthropologist hypothesized that a certain medicinal power contained a significant amount of the deadly toxin T. When the test she performed for the presence of toxin T was negative, the anthropologist did not report the results. A chemist who nevertheless learned about the test results charged the anthropologist with fraud. The anthropologist, however, countered that those results were invalid because the power had inadvertently been test in acidic solution.
In the absence of the anthropologist’s reply, which one of the following principles, if established, would most support the chemist’s charge?
(E) Scientists who neglect to report any experiment that could be interpreted as disconfirming their hypothesis have thereby committed fraud.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the anthropologist’s counterargument?
(C) When it is put into an acidic solution, toxin T becomes undetectable.
NO.4
Every year, new reports appear concerning the health risks posed by certain substances, such as coffee and sugar. One year an article claimed that coffee is dangerous to one’s health. The next year, another article argued that coffee has some benefits for one’s health. From these contradictory opinions, we see that experts are useless for guiding one’s decisions about one’s health.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument above?
(E) The argument fails to consider that coffee may be harmful to one’s health in some respects and beneficial in others.

NO.5  AA
The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine:
“During a recent trial period in which government inspections at selected meat-processing plants were more frequent,
the amount of bacteria in samples of processed chicken decreased by 50 percent on average from the previous year’s
level. If the government were to institute more frequent inspections, the incidence of stomach and intestinal infections
throughout the country could thus be cut in half. In the meantime, consumers of Excel Meats should be safe from
infection because Excel’s main processing plant has shown more improvement in eliminating bacterial contamination
than any other plant cited in the government report.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.

kaniris

谢谢，学习了！

liyao604

Day twelve
NO.1
Physician: In itself, exercise does not cause heart attacks; rather, a sudden increase in an exercise regimen can be a cause. When people of any physical condition suddenly increase their amount of exercise, they also increase their risk of heart attack. As a result, there will be an increased risk of heart attack among employees of this company due to the new health program.
The conclusion drawn by the physician follows logically if which one of the flowing is assumed?

23’总觉得读这一段的时候有一些细节程度副词没有注意！！！！
P:忘了第一句是啥了（运动本身不是得心脏病的原因，但是sudden的会增加得病可能性）
P：任何体质的人，suddenly increase运动→可能（增加risk）得心脏病
C：由于新的health project→employees会（增加risk）得heart attack
(A) Employees will abruptly increase their amount of exercise as a result of the new health program.
NO.2
Last month OCF, Inc., announced what it described as a unique new product: an adjustable computer workstation. Three days later ErgoTech unveiled an almost identical product. The two companies claim that the similarities are coincidental and occurred because the designers independently reached the same solution to the same problem. The similarities are too fundamental to be mere coincidence, however. The two products not only look alike, but they also work alike. Both are oddly shaped with identically placed control panels with the same types of controls. Both allow the same types of adjustments and the same types of optional enhancements.
The main point of the argument is that
63’
P：上个月L公司推出了一个新产品——电脑workstation
P：不久后E公司推出了将近一样的产品
P：（两家公司声称是巧合，）这是由于设计师解决问题的想法刚好一样
P：但是他的相似点太fundamental→不仅仅是一个巧合（妈妈咪呀，这么重要的一个premise竟然漏掉了！！还有coincident我一直理解成一致性啊QAQ）
P：有一样的。。。。。

(C) The similarities between the two products are not coincidental.
NO.3
An anthropologist hypothesized that a certain medicinal power contained a significant amount of the deadly toxin T. When the test she performed for the presence of toxin T was negative, the anthropologist did not report the results. A chemist who nevertheless learned about the test results charged the anthropologist with fraud. The anthropologist, however, countered that those results were invalid because the power had inadvertently been test in acidic solution.
In the absence of the anthropologist’s reply, which one of the following principles, if established, would most support the chemist’s charge?
(E) Scientists who neglect to report any experiment that could be interpreted as disconfirming their hypothesis have thereby committed fraud.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the anthropologist’s counterargument?

53’
P：一个人类学家觉得一些药物里面含有有毒物质T。后经过实验发现真的有，并且有毒（根本没有T物质）。但是他没有公布这个信息。
P：化学家因此起诉了人类学家欺骗
P：但是人类学家辩解道，T没有被列在XXX（某书吗？还是文献？）（错误，这个结果invalid，因为在T在酸性溶液中没有不好的作用）（直接去屎好了咩，还是错了！应该是这个结果是invalid，因为被不小心放在了酸性溶液里试验）有毒物质里面
(C) When it is put into an acidic solution, toxin T becomes undetectable.
NO.4
Every year, new reports appear concerning the health risks posed by certain substances, such as coffee and sugar. One year an article claimed that coffee is dangerous to one’s health. The next year, another article argued that coffee has some benefits for one’s health. From these contradictory opinions, we see that experts are useless for guiding one’s decisions about one’s health.
Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument above?
24’
P：每一年，report都会focus某种物质给人们带来的坏处
P：某一年expert说coffee对人不好
P：next year 有expert说coffee也有好处
C：expert在对人的health care方面没有指导作用
Key：(E) The argument fails to consider that coffee may be harmful to one’s health in some respects and beneficial in others.


NO.5  AA
The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine:
“During a recent trial period in which government inspections at selected meat-processing plants were more frequent,
the amount of bacteria in samples of processed chicken decreased by 50 percent on average from the previous year’s
level. If the government were to institute more frequent inspections, the incidence of stomach and intestinal infections
throughout the country could thus be cut in half. In the meantime, consumers of Excel Meats should be safe from
infection because Excel’s main processing plant has shown more improvement in eliminating bacterial contamination
than any other plant cited in the government report.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
65’
实验：最近政府对（selected meat加工过程）肉类的检查力度加大→肉类（鸡肉样本）含细菌的量（比平常年）减少了50%
P：如果政府加大检查力度，那么受肠道和胃感染的人会减少一半
P：M会比别的工厂更加的安全，因为（它的过程eliminate bacteria比）政府的report（里面引用的别的plant的要好）说的

jenniferlyy125

1. 32’
P: if the exercises are suddenly increased, the probability of heart attack will increase
C: the new health program will increase the heart attack probability
Assume: the new health program will suddenly increase exercises
【因果】突然增加运动量会增加心脏病可能。所以新的健康项目会增加心脏病可能。填补gap。

2. P: O released a new product, three days later E released a similar product
P: the occurrence is coincidental, however, there are too fundamental to be mere coincidence
问main point, 就是conclusion of the argument, 就是however后面那一句。However the two products are too fundamental to be coincidence.

3. 59’
P：a medicine contains T, test result is negative
C1: anthropologist is incorrect
C2: anthropologist: since the test is in acidic solution, the results is invalid
【二人对话】人类学家认为药物里面有T，因为实验结果是负性。但是实验的溶液是酸性的，所以结果不可行。化学家认为：人类学家的说法关于负性得出药物有T的说法错误。
1.        加强化学家。就是药物有T 因为负性是错误的。直接加强。The test result of negative might be interfere with other reasons, which cannot guarantee the presence of T.
2.        加强人类学家。就是有T的说法是错误的。直接加强。Acidic solution will make the results unbelievable. The acidic solution cannot guarantee the negative means presence of T.

4. 28’
P: one year an article claimed that coffee is dangerous to health
P: the next year another article says that coffee is beneficial to health
C: the contradictory opinions show that experts are useless for guiding decisions about health
【归纳】一个文章说咖啡不好，另一个文章说咖啡好。所以专家的意见是没有用的。例子到结论不完全归纳的典型。只有两个文章不足以说明专家的意见是没有用的。 不知道文章出处，正确性，等因素，无法得出归纳结论。
Only two articles are not representative of the general validity of opinions of experts

大三准备留学

Yvette19 发表于 2013-8-15 05:52
单看头像人家会以为我精神分裂的==+

miss u too anyway

haha  whatever....Im here waiting you at boston

m1nt

1. 35’
Premise: sudden increase in exercise regimen=increased risk of heart attack
Conclusion: new health program – increase risk of heart attack
Assumption: 填gap: new health program – increase in exercise regimen

2. 35’
Premise: Both have similar unique design, and allow same adjustment
Counter-Conclusion: Similarities are coincidental, designers independently reached the same solution
Conclusion: The similarities cannot be a coincide

3. 45’
Premise: A’s test presence of toxin T was negative, A didn’t report it
A argued results were invalid because the power had inadvertently been test in acidic solution
Conclusion: the anthropologist with fraud
Support: Acidic solution doesn’t change T

4. 19’
Premise: one year coffee is dangerous the next year coffee has benefit
Conclusion: experts are useless for guiding one’s decisions about one’s health
Flaw：有些方面有好处有些方面不好？

5. 30‘
Premise: more inspections- less bacterias
Conclusion: should have more inspections- will have only half incidence
E meats safe cuz E has more improvement in report
Weaken: 1 now more inspections doesn’t mean the same in the future
       2 less bacterias doesn’t mean only have incidence
       3 E is the worst so more improvement

Yvette19

大三准备留学 发表于 2013-8-14 10:21
And I really miss you darling~

单看头像人家会以为我精神分裂的==+

miss u too anyway

大三准备留学

Yvette19 发表于 2013-8-14 05:45
1. 38s
外科医生说，运动本身并不直接导致心脏病，突然的运动才是心脏病的诱因。
任何身体状况的人，如果突 ...

And I really miss you darling~

大三准备留学

Yvette19 发表于 2013-8-14 05:45
1. 38s
外科医生说，运动本身并不直接导致心脏病，突然的运动才是心脏病的诱因。
任何身体状况的人，如果突 ...

坚持就是胜利！！加油

Yvette19

1. 38s
外科医生说，运动本身并不直接导致心脏病，突然的运动才是心脏病的诱因。
任何身体状况的人，如果突然增加运动强度，都容易导致心脏病。
因此，这家公司给员工提供新的健身项目有可能导致心脏病的发生。（回头再看一眼题目，原来是new health program..不是健身啊晕 我总是想太多）

Assumption: 这公司的员工原来都不运动的。（直接想跳了一步。。）

2.  看了两遍 原谅我今天极度疲倦的状态。。。脑子不进东西 >.<
两家公司前后生产了惊人相似的产品，尽管他们都称这只是巧合。
但这不应该仅仅是巧合：长得像，功能像，练操作部件都一样。

3.一位人类学家知道某药物含有T毒物，但是她检验出来了T呈阴性但是木有上报。化学家指责她欺诈。但是人类学家说这个实验结果无效因为是在酸性环境下的结果。

weaken, T呈阴性是对人体有极大伤害的。
strengthen, 这种药只在碱性环境下服用？

4. 30s
BG: 每年都会有关于某种物质对健康影响的报告，比如糖啊咖啡啊。今年砖家说咖啡有害健康，明年又扯有啥有益物质。。。
Conclusion: 所以没必要听砖家瞎掰。

flaw: 砖家所谓有利有害并不指示事物本身（如咖啡），而是针对里面的某些成分。就是有些方面有利，有些方面有弊嘛很正常。