GWD 21里面有几道想不通的逻辑题~求各位NN解释

wltcharlotte

3. GWD21-Q3:

Highway Official:When resurfacing our concrete bridges, we should use electrically conductive concrete (ECC) rather than standard concrete.In the winter, ECC can be heated by passing an electric current through it, thereby preventing ice buildup.The cost of the electricity needed is substantially lower than the cost of the deicing salt we currently use.

Taxpayer:But construction costs for ECC are much higher than for standard concrete, so your proposal is probably not justifiable on economic grounds.

Which of the following, if true, could best be used to support the highway official’s proposal in the face of the taxpayer’s objection?



A.The use of de-icing salt causes corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks and damage to the concrete itself, thereby considerably shortening the useful life of concrete bridges.

B.Severe icing conditions can cause power outages and slow down the work of emergency crews trying to get power restored.

C.In weather conditions conducive to icing, ice generally forms on the concrete surfaces of bridges well before it forms on parts of the roadway that go over solid ground.

D.Aside from its potential use for de-icing bridges, ECC might also be an effective means of keeping other concrete structures such as parking garages and airport runways ice free.

E.If ECC were to be used for a bridge surface, the electric current would be turned on only at times at which ice was likely to form.

这道题答案选的是A，我不太明白理由，这道题是让我们支持offcial的proposal，反对taxpayer的objection，那么就是支持ECC的使用，并且反对tax payer认为贵的说法，为什么选A呢

4. GWD21-Q4:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?



Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) is potentially fatal; consequently, patients with symptoms strongly suggesting appendicitis almost always have their appendix removed.The appropriate surgery is low-risk but performed unnecessarily in about 20 percent of all cases.A newly developed internal scan for appendicitis is highly accurate, producing two misdiagnoses for every 98 correct diagnoses.Clearly, using this test, doctors can largely avoid unnecessary removals of the appendix without, however, performing any fewer necessary ones than before, since ______.



A.the patients who are correctly diagnosed with this test as not having appendicitis invariably have medical conditions that are much less serious than appendicitis

B.the misdiagnoses produced by this test are always instances of attributing appendicitis to someone who does not, in fact, have it

C.all of the patients who are diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis do, in fact, have appendicitis

D.every patient who is diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis has more than one of the symptoms generally associated with appendicitis

E.the only patients who are misdiagnosed using this test are patients who lack one or more of the symptoms that are generally associated with appendicitis

这道题的红色字体部分非常不理解啊，导致觉得做不出，哪个NN能解释下呢，答案是B


这道题的红色字体部分非常不理解啊，导致觉得做不出，哪个NN能解释下呢，答案是B

21. GWD21-Q21:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?



Mastitis is an infection of the udder in cows that, although not dangerous, causes them to give poor-quality milk.Most cases of mastitis are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, against which antibiotics are ineffective.However, a related bacterium, Staphylococcus simulans, quickly clears up even severe infections of S. aureus simply by displacing the bacteria.S. simulans is nevertheless unlikely to become the preferred treatment for cases of mastitis, since ______.

A.certain dangerous bacteria that normally cannot take hold can do so in the presence of S. simulans

B.the current resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics derives in part from a past pattern of overuse of those antibiotics

C.the milk from cows infected with S. aureus is generally not of such poor quality as to be entirely unusable

D.careful farming practice can reduce the incidence of mastitis to a minimum

E.the only symptom of mild cases of mastitis is the deterioration in the quality of the milk produced

这道题我选的B，正确答案是A，A中的certain dangerous becteria 指的是什么呢? 不太明白诶。。。。。。。。求解释
谢谢各位NN了~




4. GWD21-Q4:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?



Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) is potentially fatal; consequently, patients with symptoms strongly suggesting appendicitis almost always have their appendix removed.The appropriate surgery is low-risk but performed unnecessarily in about 20 percent of all cases.A newly developed internal scan for appendicitis is highly accurate, producing two misdiagnoses for every 98 correct diagnoses.Clearly, using this test, doctors can largely avoid unnecessary removals of the appendix without, however, performing any fewer necessary ones than before, since ______.



A.the patients who are correctly diagnosed with this test as not having appendicitis invariably have medical conditions that are much less serious than appendicitis

B.the misdiagnoses produced by this test are always instances of attributing appendicitis to someone who does not, in fact, have it

C.all of the patients who are diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis do, in fact, have appendicitis

D.every patient who is diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis has more than one of the symptoms generally associated with appendicitis

E.the only patients who are misdiagnosed using this test are patients who lack one or more of the symptoms that are generally associated with appendicitis

这道题的红色字体部分非常不理解啊，导致觉得做不出，哪个NN能解释下呢，答案是B


21. GWD21-Q21:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?



Mastitis is an infection of the udder in cows that, although not dangerous, causes them to give poor-quality milk.Most cases of mastitis are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, against which antibiotics are ineffective.However, a related bacterium, Staphylococcus simulans, quickly clears up even severe infections of S. aureus simply by displacing the bacteria.S. simulans is nevertheless unlikely to become the preferred treatment for cases of mastitis, since ______.

A.certain dangerous bacteria that normally cannot take hold can do so in the presence of S. simulans

B.the current resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics derives in part from a past pattern of overuse of those antibiotics

C.the milk from cows infected with S. aureus is generally not of such poor quality as to be entirely unusable

D.careful farming practice can reduce the incidence of mastitis to a minimum

E.the only symptom of mild cases of mastitis is the deterioration in the quality of the milk produced

这道题我选的B，正确答案是A，A中的certain dangerous becteria 指的是什么呢? 不太明白诶。。。。。。。。求解释
谢谢各位NN了~

酩茗

3. GWD21-Q3:

in order to support ECC, we should prove that the ECC is better and more economical than concrete.

A.The use of de-icing salt causes corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks and damage to the concrete itself, thereby considerably shortening the useful life of concrete bridges. (short life bridge needs more money to maintain and to rebuild, not economical at all)

B.Severe icing conditions can cause power outages and slow down the work of emergency crews trying to get power restored. (emergency crew is not mentioned in the argument)

C.In weather conditions conducive to icing, ice generally forms on the concrete surfaces of bridges well before it forms on parts of the roadway that go over solid ground.

D.Aside from its potential use for de-icing bridges, ECC might also be an effective means of keeping other concrete structures such as parking garages and airport runways ice free.(although state the advantages of ECC, not in face of the taxpayer’s objection-economical )

E.If ECC were to be used for a bridge surface, the electric current would be turned on only at times at which ice was likely to form.(even if不是一直通电，还是可能比较贵)


4. GWD21-Q4:

doctors can avoid unnecessary removals of appendix without performing ant fewer necessary ones means 医生可以避免不必要的removals while 没有少做一台必要的手术
So just to find out a choice to explain why doctors have performed all the necessary removals even the test may misdiagnose. There are actually two possibilities：1切了必须切的2切了不是非要切的。如果错的都是切了不是非要切的，就可以explain了。

A.the patients who are correctly diagnosed with this test as not having appendicitis invariably have medical conditions that are much less serious than appendicitis

B.the misdiagnoses produced by this test are always instances of attributing appendicitis to someone who does not, in fact, have it(misdiagnose 都是把不用切的给切了)

C.all of the patients who are diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis do, in fact, have appendicitis(the statement is correct, but doesn’t explain )

D.every patient who is diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis has more than one of the symptoms generally associated with appendicitis（do not explain either）

E.the only patients who are misdiagnosed using this test are patients who lack one or more of the symptoms that are generally associated with appendicitis（give a reason of unnecessary removal, do not explain 没有少做一台必要的手术）


21. GWD21-Q21:

虽然s simulans clears up s aureus quickly, it is not a preferred treatment, because
A.certain dangerous bacteria that normally cannot take hold can do so in the presence of S. simulans (s simulans take some dangerous bacteria into milk, even worse)

B.the current resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics derives in part from a past pattern of overuse of those antibiotics(it explains why antibiotics are ineffective to s aureus, doesn’t explain why s simulans is not a preferred treatment)

C.the milk from cows infected with S. aureus is generally not of such poor quality as to be entirely unusable

D.careful farming practice can reduce the incidence of mastitis to a minimum

E.the only symptom of mild cases of mastitis is the deterioration in the quality of the milk produced

gaor

第二题 我也觉得'any'有点别扭。
文章说：因为有这个test，没必要的摘除应该减少，但是，有必要的摘除也少了，应该是被miss掉了。
B:说test不准，有必要的 被认为 没必要摘除，所以可以填上

gaor

第一题：
lz你说的是对的：'这道题是让我们支持offcial的proposal，反对taxpayer的objection'

taxpayer的objection是：因为成本高，不要ECC，所以只能继续用' deicing salt we currently use.'
A说：继续用' deicing salt'的话会对桥造成严重损坏
这样的话费用也许会更大，所以选A