对于OG12的120至127题的分析。

pterosaur

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of
the modernization of a telephone
exchange on exchange maintenance
Line  work and workers is a solid contribution
 (5)  to a debate that encompasses two
lively issues in the history and sociol-
ogy of technology:  technological
determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the char-
(10)  acteristics of a technology have a
decisive influence on job skills and
work organization.  ut more strongly,
technology can be a primary determi-
nant of social and managerial organ-
(15)  ization.  Clark believes this possibility
has been obscured by the recent soci-
ological fashion, exemplified by
Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes
the way machinery reflects social
(20)  choices.  For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate
to the manager’s desire to wrest con-
trol of the labor process from the
workers.  Technological change is
(25)  construed as the outcome of negoti-
ations among interested parties who
seek to incorporate their own interests
into the design and configuration of the
machinery.  This position represents
(30)  the new mainstream called social con-
structivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance
by misrepresenting technological deter-
minism:  technological determinists are
(35) supposed to believe, for example, that
machinery imposes appropriate forms
of order on society.  The alternative to
constructivism, in other words, is to
         view technology as existing outside
(40) society, capable of directly influencing
skills and work organization.
     Clark refutes the extremes of the
constructivists by both theoretical and
empirical arguments.  Theoretically he
(45)  defines “technology” in terms of rela-
tionships between social and technical
variables.  Attempts to reduce the
meaning of technology to cold, hard
metal are bound to fail, for machinery
(50)  is just scrap unless it is organized
functionally and supported by approp-
riate systems of operation and main-
tenance.  At the empirical level Clark
shows how a change at the telephone
(55)  exchange from maintenance-intensive
electromechanical switches to semi-
electronic switching systems altered
work tasks, skills, training opportuni-
ties, administration, and organization of
(60)  workers.  Some changes Clark attrib-
utes to the particular way management
and labor unions negotiated the intro-
duction of the technology, whereas
others are seen as arising from the
(65)  capabilities and nature of the technol-
ogy itself.  Thus Clark helps answer
the question:  “When is social choice
decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more
important?”

alisonraoxi

mark……错的最惨的一篇

alisonraoxi

感谢分享！               

奋斗小女子

lionsue 发表于 2013-9-16 20:28
不知这位还来不来CD，只想和你握手下，我今天看这篇和你一样一样的疑问，你解释的这个最后一题的A我觉得 ...

我也是！ 4年前的这位，隔着时空握手吧

奋斗小女子

chillstone 发表于 2010-11-29 22:46
127我觉得并不是那么简单，我刚开始错误地选择了A，Clark的观点就是为了反驳Braverman的甚至120的正确答案 ...

同意！               

midorik

踢一脚这个题，123题里面
The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism
A. It is the available technology that determines workers’ skills, rather than workers’ skills influencing the application of technology.
（定位到第三段： to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.）
从定位句可以推断出A的前半句，然而这个后半句的rather than是怎么体会的啊，百思不得其解，求NN解答

上汤胡萝卜

刚刚好像发错帖子了。并不知道怎么删除，但是这边好像还有人在！想交流一下！

刚好今天做到这一篇，做的时候一脸懵逼，看了好久都没有看懂就把文章剖析了一下，翻译参考了GWD的中英文，可能一些还不是很准确。其实通过抓一些关键词作者的观点还是很清晰的。只是用了好长时间，考试的时候要是碰到这个肯定慌慌张张的跪了。三级阅读残废心好痛，考试的时候技巧都跟死了一样怎么办_(:зゝ∠)_。。

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
JC关于转接电话台现代化给转接台维修和工人带来的影响的研究，从科技的历史和社会层面为一个包含两个热点话题：科技决定论和社会结构论, 的争论提供了有力的证据

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
JC指出科技的特征对工作技术和组织结构有着决定性的影响。更进一步说，科技可以成为社会和管理组织中最关键的因素。JC认为，这个结论被一些近期流行的社会学派模糊了，比如B的分析，其中强调机器其实是一种社会选择。对于B来说，科技系统只是管理者希望更好的管理劳动过程而引出的分支。科技的改变被解释为寻找不同利益集团协商的结果，他们把自己的利益的实现建立在那些机器的设计和布局当中。这个观点就代表了新的主流的思想，叫做社会结构说。

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
但是这个结构说被接受只是因为它扭曲了科技的决定性：科技决定应该被相信，比如科技决定论应该被相信是因为机器决定并产生了合适的社会结构. 结构论的另一种理论，换句话说，就是把科技视为社会之外存在的东西，有能力直接影响技术和组织结构。

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
JC从理论和经验两个方面反驳这些极端的结构学家。理论上，他从社会和技术变量的关系上定义“科技”。试图减少听起来就会科技、坚硬金属的固有印象，把科技的意义减少到只有冰冷、坚硬金属的尝试注定都是要失败的，因为除非很有功能性的并且被合适的系统操作和维护，否则机器只是废料。从经验的层面，JC展示了电话转接台是如何从维修为主的电力转换器开关向半自助的电力转换系统开关系统转变，并且改变工作内容、技术、训练机会、管理和工人的组织结构。JC把一些改变归于管理层与劳动联盟协商技术引进的个别方式，而另一些改变来自技术本身的性能及类型。这样，JC 就回答了：“什么时候社会选择有决定性和什么时候科技的特征更重要？”的问题。

【逻辑简图】
JC’s study is a solid contribution to debate two issues: technological determinism and social constructivism. C decisive evidence… C believes obscured; exemplified….. C refutes the extreme… Thus, C helps answer….

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. advocate a more positive attitude toward technological change
B. discuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange (A\B只讲了一个层面)
C. consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change
D. challenge the position of advocates of technological determinism （相反）
E. suggest that the social causes of technological change should be studied in real situations（没有提到）

2. Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?
A. The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.(B观点是相反，JC只是说这个说法不对，没有说反面就是对的)
B. The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it. （有影响）
C. The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.
D. Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.
E. The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.（JC主要反驳的观点）

3. Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?
A. He respects its wide-ranging popularity.
B. He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on the influence of managers.（定位原文第二段technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire）
C. He admires the consideration it gives to the attitudes of the workers affected.
D. He is concerned about its potential to impede the implementation of new technologies.(本身concerned没有问题但是后面的内容和原文不符)
E. He is sympathetic to its concern about the impact of modern technology on workers.

4. The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism?(问的是social constructivists对于tech deter的理解不是他们自己的观点！！！)
A. It is the available technology that determines workers’ skills, rather than workers’ skills influencing the application of technology.
（定位到第三段： to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.）
B. All progress in industrial technology grows out of a continuing negotiation between technological possibility and human need.（是constructivists自己的观点）
C. Some organizational change is caused by people; some is caused by computer chips.
D. Most major technological advances in industry have been generated through research and development.
E. Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but educated workers can create whole new skills areas by the adaptation of the technology.

5. The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?(JC觉得他们扭曲了，没有扭曲的观念就应该被接受，也就是科技应该对社会结构有影响的)
A. Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.（作者并没有完全否认social的部分）
B. There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.
C. Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.
D. Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate.
E. Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.（machinery和tech，和role of business无关）

6. According to the passage, constructivists employed which of the following to promote their argument?
A. Empirical studies of business situations involving technological change
B. Citation of managers supportive of their position
C. Construction of hypothetical situations that support their view
D. Contrasts of their view with a misstatement of an opposing view（定位原文第三段The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism）
E. Descriptions of the breadth(宽度) of impact of technological change

7. The author of the passage uses the expression "are supposed to" in highlight text primarily in order to
A. suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate
B. define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology（只是constructivists的结论）
C. engage in speculation about the motivation of determinists(原文没有提过motivation)
D. lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists（反了！！）
E. contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization（也反了！！）

8. Which of the following statements about Clark’s study of the telephone exchange can be inferred from information in the passage?
A. Clark’s reason for undertaking the study was to undermine Braverman’s analysis of the function of technology.（迷惑选项，JC做研究不是为了专门反驳B的结论，而是B的结论刚好在他要反驳的理论中，只是很小的一部分）
B. Clark’s study suggests that the implementation of technology should be discussed in the context of conflict between labor and management.(Implementation 并不是本文想讨论的重点，重点是反驳tech的作用被缩小)
C. Clark examined the impact of changes in the technology of switching at the exchange in terms of overall operations and organization.
D. Clark concluded that the implementation of new switching technology was equally beneficial to management and labor.（提到implementation就不对）
E. Clark’s analysis of the change in switching systems applies only narrowly to the situation at the particular exchange that he studied.（想表达的关系和全文主旨无关）

Serenasunshine

chillstone 发表于 2010-11-29 22:46
127我觉得并不是那么简单，我刚开始错误地选择了A，Clark的观点就是为了反驳Braverman的甚至120的正确答案 ...

对哦！幡然醒悟。。。。B的观点知识contructivism的一个例子，文章第四段说作者通过理论和实践来反驳CS，没有说明是B！！

zzloveyibo

看来我8个对5个还是可以的。。。。

sissiyu

做的让人头皮发麻，四肢抽搐了都。。。