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楼主辛苦了,麻烦楼主确认一下阅读的考古,谢谢了: V1 大脑的结构是分开影响人类思维,语言,运动的,还是是一个整体共同影响。 第一段说的一个旧的理论是说大脑是一个整体, 第二段是说有另外两个科学家,说大脑的一部分影响语言,也就是说不是一个整体影响所有的功能。 第三段是说后来一段时间,关于上面那两个科学家的研究没有得到其它人的认同。过了这段时期,又有一个科学家出来说了另外一个观点,好象是说大脑内有一些联系,到最后没时间了,没看特明白这个科学家的观点。 1 题目,第2段the localization operation in 1884的目的在于, 2 第2段支持大脑局部学派的w的观点和b的观点的关系, 3 第三段开头20s~50s的科学家的看法哪个正确。 V2 第一段:传统的研究人大脑有两派/两个神经解剖学的学派,一派认为大脑是个整体,控制人的肢体活动;另一派说人的脑分块管理不同的身体部位,局部对应特定的功能。 第二段,某人G提出脑控制人的语言功能。又一个F也同意脑的某部分控制人的语言。到了1884年,做成功的一个手术,更推动了这一说法。 第 三段,1920-1950年间大家都很鄙视dismiss这种说法。但后来,又某人证实,提出了自己对局部学派理论的支持案例:人脑确实分成一块块区域,他们看到的信息输进去,然后这些信息从脑的一块传导到 另一块去,变成了感觉,又传到另一块,变成语言。这就是为什么有人脑受伤后,看到东西不认识,但如果摸一下,就想起来了。 问题 1问局部学派G的理论可以support下列什么实践 2问第二段某人和某人的实验的关系 3问为什么局部学派的理论在19XX到19XX年被学界dismiss V3 第一段:18XX年的时候有,认为大脑是一个整体,认为大脑。(有题,问局部学派的理论可以support下列什么实践) 第二段:后来有很多科学家对整体学派的理论提出了挑战,依据是他们的病例和实验。(这里列举了很多科学家分别作了什么,有题,问你某人和某人的实验的关系) 第三段:说局部学派的理论在19XX到19XX年被学界dismiss(这里也有题,问为什么)。但是近来又有科学家。 the localization ofbrain functions F=David Ferrier G=Gall asurgeon, Rickman J. Godlee demonstrated in 1884, that it was possible touse a precise clinical examination to determine the possible site of a tumor orlesion in the brain, by observing its effects on the side and extension ofalterations in motor and sensory functions. Jackson and Ferrier werepresent at the first operation performed by Godlee on November 25th,1884. This method of functionalneurological mapping is still used today. More broadly, Piaget's theory is 'domaingeneral', 老观点predicting that cognitive maturation occursconcurrently across different domains of knowledge (such as mathematics,logic, understanding of physics, of language, etc). However, more recentcognitive developmentalists have been much influenced by trends in cognitivescience away from domain generality and towards domain specificity ormodularity of mind, under which 新观点different cognitive faculties may belargely independent of one another and thus develop according to quitedifferent time-tables. If Gall was naïve in believing that theorganization and physiology of the brain correspond with his faculties in asimple one-to-one fashion, Ferrier was equally so in suggesting that the primarysensory and motor areas could explain psychological functions in a simplemanner. He had localized sensory and motor areas, but he had not provided apsychophysiology which accounts for the adaptations of organisms to theirenvironments. Gallstresses functions as adaptive and as related to character, personality,mastery of the environment, social intercourse, and intellectual, artistic, andmechanical achievement. He lets his adaptively conceived and naturalisticallyderived functions dictate to the brain. His conception of its functioninginvolves no direct physiological knowledge. Ferrier, on the other hand,sacrifices the significance of functions to physiological accuracy. His viewreduces all the functions which Gall determined by observing behaviour, to thetwo categories of sensation and motion. His data are derived solely from directexperimentation on the brain and observation of the phenomena produced. Furtherprogress in the field would have to mediate between these extremes. |
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