GWD-18-Q10 一道阅读must be true争议题目新解

kokulyou

The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.  According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.  Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.  In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.  Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.  Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.  Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.  Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.








In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?


A.Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.???B.All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.??C.The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.???D.When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.??E.Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.????争议集中在ABE


想来想去觉得还是比较同意A首先我觉得这并非是一道常规的“must be true”（根据原文内容推理）类题目，而是一道隐藏的“Support”类题目，“must be true”只是虚晃一下，看看ETS有多可耻首先C的实验并未证明Jay有episodic memory,因为episodic memory有两个criteria1)multiple components of a single even2) “bound” together".


而C的实验只证明了第一个条件（文章最后说showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when（multiple componenets）.  Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.）Clayton acknowledged this(this 指reexperiencing the past,而实验并未证明Jay能够reexperience，所以也不能证明Jay有episodic memory) by using the term “episodic-like” memory.




所以综上这是一道Support题目：
Support当然就是要求实验还能够证明第二个条件，2) “bound” together".




这道题到这里才算真正绕的地方
原文的实验为什么没能证明Jay能够把这些信息bond together呢？原文的实验已经证明了Jay能够回忆其when where and what，但是就是不能联系到一起来做综合的判断，也就是说想到了where,然后笨笨的飞到那个地方（where）找出东西，这才知道是什么（what），再仔细看看如果是crickets，才知道它是过期了的，然后再去试另外一个地方，，，，重复几次知道终于找到了没有过期的peanuts




但是如果Jay能够把这些信息bound together，也就是说能够reexperience，那么就不用这么费事的一个一个试了，因为这么多信息一联系起来就立刻能做出正确的判断，直接去储存peanuts的地方找peanuts，也就是A所说的
有一些Jay能够直接就去找peanuts（因为他们做出了判断crickets已经过期了）




B明显还是笨方法，只是能够回忆起零散的信息，一个一个试的，所以不能证明有episodic memory
C与距离无关，只要藏的地点不同就可以
D更无关了，
E或许具有些迷惑性，为了保证和wild一样条件，但是对于证明是否有episodic memoy不是必须的吧（另外，food scarity是一个很泛泛的概念，怎么保证一样，不可能啊，有的鸟饿的要死，有的鸟只是一顿没吃，都是food scarity啊，）








呵呵，大家讨论一下

fansail

这题可不可以想成是Assumption题，对各选项取非看是否削弱...

对A取非： NONE of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
就算第一次没有jay去retrieve花生，所有的jay都retrieve虫子，只要当the food had been stored for a certain length of time的时候有本来retrieve虫子的jay转为retrieve花生，就说明jay能够记住虫子的储存时间，判断储存久了就已经erode不能吃了。也就是说对A取非不能削弱结论。

我觉得Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time暗示了retrieve行为不止发生一次，如果只retrieve一次的话，A是说得通的，因为实验就是要通过jay会弃虫投花生证明jay记得store行为发生的时间和地点，而如果没有jay去retrieve peanuts（A取非），就无法说明jay能记得时间造成的虫子过期不好吃问题。（这哪位NN可以看下Clayton的论文，实验到底是怎么做的，google上好像有）

而E是必不可少的，其一，做实验要控制其他变量，尽可能保证和jay所处的环境尽量在野生环境一样，即保证jay的行为尽量natural，而不是因为实验和in the wild有些条件（如喂食）的不同导致jay的反应是attribute to some variables introduced by the experiment；其二，E在原文定位是说In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. 即jay的store-retrieve行为是在food scarcity的情况下才发生，那对E取非，如果jay喂饱饱，可能就无法按实验设计进行藏储食物然后retrieve了。

这题我也错了，想了一早上为什么E对。

From New York Times:
Dr. Clayton began to test western scrub jays to see if they met any of the criteria for episodic memory. The jays can hide several thousand pieces of food each year and remember the location of each one. Dr. Clayton wondered if scrub jays simply remembered locations, or if they remembered the experience of hiding the food.
She ran an experiment using two kinds of food: moth larvae and peanuts. Scrub jays prefer larvae to peanuts while the larvae are still fresh. When the larvae are dead for a few hours, the jays prefer peanuts. Dr. Clayton gave the birds a chance to hide both kinds of food and then put them in another cage. She later returned the birds to their caches, in some cases after four hours and in other cases after five days.
The time the scrub jays spent away from their caches had a big effect on the type of food they looked for. The birds that waited four hours tended to dig up larvae, and the birds that had to wait for five days passed the larvae by and dug up peanuts instead. (To make sure they were not just picking up the smell of rotten larvae and avoiding those spots, Dr. Clayton dumped out the caches as soon as the birds had made them, and filled all of them with fresh sand.)
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/03/science/03time.html

780一次过

【must be true】＋【逻辑：找前提】
实验证明鸟有episodic-like memory，哪项是必要的？
原文：In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.
Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another
对照原文“In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. ”实验是需要模拟野外的状况的，所以就是控制变量也就是E中的“ fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.“
A选项本身可能是正确的，但是不是实验的内容或前提，无法“in order for”

DeliciaAn

我觉得楼主的所有分析都是对的，但是出发点是不是搞错了。问题问的是must be true的是episodic-like memory,而不是episodic memory. 那两个条件也是episodic memory的条件。而现在是在episodic-like memory的前提下。如果是这样的话，符合1）multiple components of a single event这个条件就已经完成了episodic-like memory的这个前提。如果加上了条件2）bond together，就变成了episodic memory了。
所以A是个episodic memory而不是个episodic-like memory.
d说能够retrieve a cricket or a peanut,但是没吃。就满足条件1），而没满足条件2）。所以就符合题干所说的：epsodic-like memory.

一点晚了好几年的拙见。嘿嘿
还请后人继续探讨。

xi917

首先先复制一段很有道理的话：All Must Be True answer choices must pass theFact Test: The correct answer to a Must Be True question can always be proven by referring to the facts stated in the stimulus. If you find yourself having difficulty prephrasing an answer to a Must Be True question, do not be concerned. The scope of the stimulus—especially if that scope is broad—often helps eliminate one or more of the answer choices. You can often predict the occurrence of Must Be True questions because the stimulus of most Must Be True questions does not contain a conclusion. Correct Answer Types: Paraphrased answers are answers that restate a portion of the stimulus in different terms. When these answers mirror the
stimulus, they are correct. Combination answers result from combining two or more statements in the stimulus.
所以E 选项可以来根据原文中的含义来选择，在野外怎样怎样（IN the wild… ）但在C‘s experiment里，当读到 food  Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. 我就想为啥要在不同的地方呢？鸟会这么做吗？把吃的放在两个地方，于是我想这肯定是人工来做的。并且要让鸟出现food scarcity的时候也是要喂的。所以E选项是对原文含义的一个梳理，或者是一个总结，所以must be true.
而最开始我选的A，用这个理论来想想，其实很简单，不用想太多，这只是一个未提的内容，文中只是说了一些现象，但是并没有提到说 On the first occasion时是怎样的，所以不能说这个到底是不是must be true.
真是比较偷懒的想法啦。但我觉得实战的时候需要快速决定的想法，纠结就好容易错。

siqi2future

A是错的吧，第一次取说明没有达到scarcity 所以应该都是取了crickets

345447397

我感觉应该选A，因为在In the wild 的情况下，只有当傻鸟处在饥荒的情况下才会回去取食物。而这个实验是研究傻鸟到底有没有episodic memory，在傻鸟存食到取食的之间有一段时间让它判断cricket有没有坏“Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time”，所以不可能Throughout the experiment都让它处在饥饿感中。

viking00x

fansail 发表于 2010-10-6 07:54
这题可不可以想成是Assumption题，对各选项取非看是否削弱...对A取非： NONE of the jays retrieved stored ...

终于明白了！就是文中给出了in the wild的情况（食物匮乏出现retrieve），还讲了C的实验（实验中鸟出现retrieve）--->实验中的鸟一定是处在食物匮乏的情况下。因为如果不是处在食物匮乏的情况下，那么实验中出现的retrieve现象就是随机现象了，因此也就推不出结论了

我就是来卖萌的

本来选的A。

看了9楼引用感觉应该选C了。

ETS把文章修改之后给的暗示太少。不过它可能认为scarcity这个词确实算是比较强烈的暗示了。

A的话，按照做逻辑题的风格显然还是故意设置的迷惑性选项，这点从它逻辑思路与题干的不重合可以看出来。

海砂516

LS的解释很不错啊~~我也错了，纠结了好久~话说这一套的GWD好难啊...

-- by 会员 lisa78 (2010/10/7 15:40:10)

我也脚的14套超级难啊啊啊啊啊

-- by 会员 Stephanieqt91 (2012/3/26 18:00:09)

- -...错了20+的飘过一下

Stephanieqt91

LS的解释很不错啊~~我也错了，纠结了好久~话说这一套的GWD好难啊...

-- by 会员 lisa78 (2010/10/7 15:40:10)

我也脚的14套超级难啊啊啊啊啊