急求GWD22套两道阅读题！GOOGLE不到讨论！

smnkt

Frazier and Mosteller assert that

        medical research could be improved by

        a move toward larger, simpler clinical

Line  trials of medical treatments.  Currently,

 (5)  researchers collect far more background

information on patients than is strictly

required for their trials—substantially more

than hospitals collect—thereby escalating

costs of data collection, storage, and

(10)  analysis.  Although limiting information

collection could increase the risk that

researchers will overlook facts relevant

to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend

that such risk, never entirely eliminable

(15)  from research, would still be small in most

studies.  Only in research on entirely new

treatments are new and unexpected vari-

ables likely to arise.

     Frazier and Mosteller propose not

(20)      only that researchers limit data collec-

        tion on individual patients but also that

        researchers enroll more patients in clinical

trials, thereby obtaining a more represen-

tative sample of the total population with

(25)  the disease under study.  Often research-

ers restrict study participation to patients

who have no ailments besides those being

studied.  A treatment judged successful

under these ideal conditions can then

(30)  be evaluated under normal conditions.

Broadening the range of trial participants,

Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would

        enable researchers to evaluate a treat-

ment’s efficacy for diverse patients under

(35)  various conditions and to evaluate its

effectiveness for different patient sub-

groups.  For example, the value of a

treatment for a progressive disease may

       vary according to a patient’s stage of

(40) disease.  atients’ ages may also affect

a treatment’s efficacy.

Q4:

According to the passage, Frazier and Mosteller believe which of the following about medical research?

             

1. It is seriously flawed as presently conducted because researchers overlook facts that are relevant to the subject of their research.
   
   
   
2. It tends to benefit certain subgroups of patients disproportionately.
   
   
   
3. It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.
   
   
   
4. It can be made more accurate by limiting the amount of information researchers collect.
   
   
   
5. It cannot be freed of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked.
   

答案是E，我选的C。 我觉得E里面的significant文中完全没有提到啊？

[bgcolor=yellow]The system of patent-
[/bgcolor]
        granting, which confers

        temporary monopolies for

Line  the exploitation of new tech-

 (5)  nologies, was originally

established as an incentive

to the pursuit of risky new

ideas.  Yet studies of the

most patent-conscious

(10)  business of all—the semi-

conductor industry—suggest

that firms do not necessarily

become more innovative as

they increase their patenting

(15)  activity.  Ziedonis and Hall,

for example, found that

investment in research and

development (a reasonable

proxy for innovation) did

(20)  not substantially increase

         between 1982 and 1992,

         the industry’s most feverish

period of patenting.  Instead,

semiconductor firms simply

(25)  squeezed more patents out

of existing research and

development expenditures.

Moreover, Ziedonis and

Hall found that as patenting

(30)  activity at semiconductor

firms increased in the

1980’s, the consensus

        among industry employees

was that the average quality

(35) of their firms’ patents

declined.  Though patent

quality is a difficult notion

to measure, the number of

       times a patent is cited in

(40) the technical literature is

a reasonable yardstick, and

citations per semiconductor

patent did decline during

the 1980’s.  This decline in

(45)  quality may be related to

changes in the way semi-

conductor firms managed

their patenting process:

rather than patenting to win

(50)  exclusive rights to a valuable

new technology, patents

were filed more for strategic

purposes, to be used as

bargaining chips to ward

(55)  off infringement suites or

as a means to block

competitors’ products.

The passage is primarily concerned with discussing

             

1. a study suggesting that the semiconductor industry’s approach to patenting during the period from 1982 to 1992 yielded unanticipated results
   
   
   
2. a study of the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 that advocates certain changes in the industry’s management of the patenting process
   
   
   
3. the connection between patenting and innovation in the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992
   
   
   
4. reasons that investment in research and development in the semiconductor industry did not increase significantly during the period from 1982 to 1992
   
   
   
5. certain factors that made the period from 1982 to 1992 a time of intense patenting activity in the semiconductor industry
   
   
   

答案是A，我选的C，我觉得C更精确，说明了“innovation”。



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