1.蓝宝石，没找到原始，我记得以前看过忘了在哪但是找到了相关的新闻还是很有参考价值的！贴了谷歌翻译
Shinea white light on the Hope Diamond and it will dazzle you with the brilliance ofan amazing blue diamond. Shine an ultraviolet light on the Hope Diamond and thegem will glow red-orange for about five minutes. This phosphorescent propertyof blue diamonds can distinguish synthetic and altered diamonds from the realthing, and it may also provide a way to fingerprint individual blue diamondsfor identification purposes, according to a team of researchers from the NavalResearch Laboratory, the Smithsonian Institution and Penn State.Other colors ofdiamonds do not phosphoresce, but fluoresce, emitting visible light only aslong as they are stimulated with ultraviolet radiation. Blue diamonds thatphosphoresce emit light even after the ultraviolet lamp is turned off. Unlikethe Hope, however, most blue diamonds produce a bluish light rather thanreddish light. Thered phosphorescence is rare enough that researchers thought that those bluediamonds that did glow red must have come from the parent of the Hope – anoriginal 112-carat blue diamond mined in India in the mid-1600s. That diamondwas cut down to 67 carats to become the French Blue owned by French kings and,after being lost during the French Revolution, appeared 20 years later in 1812as the 45-carat stone known today as the Hope Diamond. Theresearch, reported in the current issue of Geology, confirms that all bluediamonds have a red phosphorescent component and that, through spectroscopicanalysis, each blue diamond can be individually identified. "TheHope Diamond is the most popular museum object in the world," says PeterJ. Heaney, professor of geosciences at Penn State. "Even so, theSmithsonian considers the specimens in the museum objects of scientific value.They have an enormous number of gemstones in their collection and theyencourage scientific research to figure out how the stones formed, and whatgives them their special properties." Aspopular as the Hope Diamond is, it is always on display at the Smithsonian.Heaney and the other researchers worked on the gems in the morning and afterthe museum closed. "If you want to study the Hope diamondusing spectroscopy, you need to bring the machine to the Hope diamond,"says Heaney. "You cannot bring the Hope to the machine." Theresearchers, who included Heaney; first author Sally Eaton-Magana, GemologicalInstitute of America, formerly of the Naval Research Laboratory; Jaime Freitas,Paul Klein and James E. Butler, NRL; Roy Walters, Ocean Optics, Inc.; andJeffery E. Post, curator of gems and minerals, Smithsonian Institution, used aportable spectrometer manufactured by Ocean Optics that could be set up at themuseum. They tested a variety of blue stones known to be natural including theHope Diamond, the Blue Heart – the second largest blue diamond known, thePortuguese Diamond – another large stone, and 64 other blue diamonds, many ofwhich came from the Aurora Butterfly – a collection of 240 stones temporarilyon display at the museum. 在希望钻石上点上一道白色的光芒，它将以一颗惊人的蓝色钻石的光芒闪耀你。希望钻石上发出紫外线，宝石会发红光约五分钟。根据海军研究实验室，史密森尼学会和佩恩研究小组的研究小组，这种蓝色钻石的磷光属性可以区分合成钻石和改变的钻石，也可能提供一种方法来指纹识别个别蓝色钻石。状态。其他颜色的钻石不发磷光，而是发出荧光，只有在紫外辐射的刺激下才发出可见光。即使在紫外线灯关闭后，蓝色菱形也会发出磷光。然而与希望不同的是，大多数蓝色钻石产生蓝光而不是微红光。 红色磷光十分罕见，研究人员认为那些发出红光的蓝色钻石必须来自希望的母体 - 这是在17世纪中叶在印度开采的原始的112克拉蓝色钻石。这颗钻石被切成67克拉，成为法国国王所拥有的法国蓝，在法国大革命中迷失之后，于1812年20年后出现，成为今天被称为希望钻石的45克拉石。 在当前的地质学报告中报道的这项研究证实，所有的蓝色钻石都有红色的磷光成分，而且通过光谱分析，每颗蓝色钻石都可以被单独识别出来。 “希望钻石是世界上最受欢迎的博物馆，”宾州州立大学地球科学教授彼得·J·海尼（Peter J. Heaney）说。“即便如此，史密森尼博物馆也将博物馆中的标本视为具有科学价值的博物馆，他们藏有大量的宝石，他们鼓励科学研究，弄清楚这些宝石是如何形成的，以及是什么赋予它们特殊的性质。 和希望钻石一样受欢迎，它总是在史密森尼展出。希尼和其他研究人员在早上和博物馆关闭后，在宝石上工作。 希尼说：“如果你想用光谱学来研究希望的钻石，那么你需要把机器带到希望的钻石里。“你不能把希望带到机器上。” 包括希尼在内的研究人员;第一作者，曾在海军研究实验室工作的美国宝石学院的萨莉·伊顿 - 马加纳（Sally Eaton-Magana） Jaime Freitas，Paul Klein和James E. Butler，NRL;海洋光学公司的Roy Walters;和史密森学会（Smithsonian Institution）的宝石和矿物馆馆长杰弗里·E·波斯特（JefferyE. Post）使用了海洋光学公司制造的便携式光谱仪，该仪器可以在博物馆安装。他们测试了很多已知是天然的蓝宝石，包括希望钻石（Blue Diamond），蓝心（已知第二大的蓝钻石），另一块大石头葡萄牙钻石（Diamond）以及另外64颗蓝钻石（其中许多来自极光蝴蝶）在博物馆里暂时展示了240块宝石。 2.夏威夷 Proto-historic Hawaiiantemples on the island of Maui may have mushroomed up within just 30 years, not250 as previously supposed, scientists say. The findings could significantlyalter researchers' understanding of the pace of precontact sociopoliticalchange in the Pacific. Hawaiian genealogiesand oral histories hold that sometime around 1600 A.D. a ruler named Pi'ilaniunited two opposing chiefdoms on Maui into a peaceful kingdom, marking theemergence of a religious state on the island. Archaeologists had been unable toconfirm that sequence of events, however, in part because of the limitations ofcarbon dating. (一种炭14元素测时间技术) In the new work, Patrick V. Kirch and Warren D. Sharp of the Universityof California and Berkeley used another kind of radiometric technique involvingthorium-230, rather than carbon-14, to date bits of branch coral that werecollected from living reefs and left as divine offerings at seven differenttemples during construction.(部分细节定位题) Dates for these corals, which had beenincorporated into walls and platform fill, all fell in a narrow range of 1565to 16XX A.D., give or take a few years on either end. Moreover, dates on thesamples that best reflect the time they were harvested from the sea--those fromthe coral branch tips--ranged from 1608 to 16xx A.D., an interval of just 30years. These findings thus point to intensive temple-building during that time.Because temples served as centers for control of production and the collectionof surplus goods, the team contends, it seems likely that the construction boomaccompanied a profound shift in sociopolitical structure. (第二段有细节题，看仔细)
Kirch and Sharp observe that the conquests described by local oraltraditions coincide with these new dates, and would have more than doubled thesize of the Maui polity to upwards of 2,360 square kilometers--the magnitude ofexpansion expected with the formation of an archaic state. "The templesprovide tangible archaeological evidence of the speed with which a fundamentalsociopolitical transition occurred in proto-historic Hawaii," the authorsconclude. Indeed, they note, it may have happened in the span of a singlegeneration of Hawaiians. (证明夏威夷社会政治的发展比预想快，在一代就完成) 科学家说，毛伊岛上的历史悠久的夏威夷寺庙可能在30年内迅速发展起来，而不是像以前那样预计250年。研究结果可能会显着改变研究人员对太平洋地区社会政治变革前期步伐的理解。 夏威夷的家谱和口述历史认为，大约在1600年左右的时候，一个名叫皮埃拉尼的统治者把毛伊岛上的两个对立的酋长联合成一个和平的王国，标志着岛上出现了一个宗教国家。但考古学家无法确认这一系列事件，部分原因是由于碳测年的局限性。（一种炭14元素测时间技术） 在新作中，加州大学伯克利分校的Patrick V. Kirch和Warren D.Sharp使用了另一种涉及钍-230而不是碳-14的辐射测量技术，这种技术是从生物礁中采集的分枝珊瑚（部分细节定位题）这些被整合到墙壁和平台上的珊瑚的日期都在1565年至16XX年的狭窄范围内，年底在任何一端。此外，最能反映出从海上采集的时间的样本日期 - 珊瑚礁分公司提示的时间范围从1608年到16xx年不等，间隔时间仅为30年。因此，这些调查结果显示，在那段时间内，寺庙建筑密集。研究小组认为，由于寺庙是控制生产和收集剩余物品的中心，因此建筑热潮似乎伴随着社会政治结构的深刻变化。（第二段有细节题，看仔细） 基希和夏普观察到，当地口头传统所描述的征服与这些新的日期相吻合，并且将毛伊政体的规模扩大到2,360平方公里以上 - 预计形成一个过时的国家。作者总结说：“这些寺庙提供了有史以来夏威夷原始社会政治过渡发生的速度的有形考古证据。事实上，他们指出，这可能发生在一代夏威夷人的跨度上。（证明夏威夷社会政治的发展比预想快，在一代就完成）
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发表于 2017-11-25 19:29:06
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感谢楼主
谢谢！