阅读越障练习（基础篇）

珍妮王小钰

记得心里划线主谓宾。SVO+修饰  抓住修饰谁
看完书就忘记了：大脑运行slot, working memory人人都一样；看东西在消耗它| 而大脑有超级能力：tracks  把几个东西联系在一起的时候，它会快 （ love 和一个字母是一样的处理）相关的东西联系起来`
lack  句子转化段到篇章到书。 so如何有效读，持续不断的抽象总结作者（在每层去抽象总结) 一句话变成了书  首先这边书的框架，从标题猜  2围绕的主题怎么的框架结构去展开（看书前目录，序，豆瓣评论，看重要段落）--〉如何定义这个term(这段话讲的Book作者的全新定义，搞清话题|知道立场，下面的几句话是怎么推导观点的（）--〉如何与作者去讨论他的观点（理解他100%说啥，不用自主去想太多要围绕他；分成几个点的？（有时几个段讲一个点）读一个章节要抽象化总结的 不然就忘了哦~~
*知道你不懂的点，这是你的需求，只需看其他书和你问题相关的章节| 第一次读是全盘接受后面是自己去挑的）--〉定义这个话题(放一样的书一起) --〉总和各家观点--〉 多本书看不同人他们怎么论证，只看论证过程就好*。
  读书就结构化的能力 一层一层的结构出来金字塔(不断总结他的思考的逻辑过程）
读书=了解作者的思考推断过程然后去讨论| 水平； 思考的层次/能力  （人的思考方式误区等）理论书以上

实践书：去做一件事情的方法，是否满足你的结果；不需要讨论思考过程；实践一定有目标让你干吗 一致吗/提供方式123；123的依据和原理是啥||如何用于实践？帮助解决而已

珍妮王小钰

A 不是考题的意思 不然就是A是正确项了啊
不是选动词大于名词啊，而是需要什么选什么啊（比如动词后面选名词）
G知道考什么~~~~~不要只从语法去学，G考意思。当思维去学。
13. To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers have to know a great
deal more than now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.
比较more修饰对象：know知道更多
A. have to know a great deal more than now(than的中心词是now而前面没有相对now的，不对了） about the social and economic
B. have to know a great deal more（修饰know） than they do now（句子和句子，平行demographers have to know.... ） about the social and economical（错了，节约的）
C. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and
economical（07现在没有这样的题了单词意思）
D. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and
economic
E. would have to know a great deal more than now（没有时间平行词） about the social and economical

14. Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades
were the high cost of land, the pressure of housing and commercial development, and
basing（ABC都错了前面没有平行并列的动词） a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and
California.
(A) basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and
California
(B) basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida and
California
(C) basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida and
California
(D) a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida and
California
(E) a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and California（修饰错误了）



呼应平行： distinguish from.. to。。 都是

珍妮王小钰

出题原则是比较性原则。百分比。

4 前后呼应
1 考点
结构：同修饰指代，清楚直接的一组呼应对象
N 意思上：不同于代入合理，根据呼应的一组对象性质不同（呼应是句子中的各种的呼应，看意思不单一看它是句子中的哪种结构 根据它的结构来判断意思合理性：前后呼应修饰成分两个修饰成分 去看共有的修饰对象两个是不是都可以修饰？）（代入动作发出者两个动词谓语能不能平行并列）
句子内部： svo+修饰
合理意思判断：S平行：看谓语 V：动作发出者合适吗？ O：平行：看SV能不能做O这个事情； 修饰：平行前重复被修饰对象
句子之间：but相反/when
SVO, and SVO。 SVO,when SVo although (相反）  不能用and
2. 如何在结构上寻找平行呼应组
（1）单身的呼应的标志词--从后往前找
and~or but
比较： than in contrast to, surpass, outnumber , A is B 是。 outweight, as一样作为, different...from(配对）A is different from B.
B. Marconi conceivedX过去 of the radio as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation, but（从后往前，A么有！ but定从） which isX现在且没有标志词时态不对
7.Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as adolescents
（同类词，单复数一致我作为一个老师）
同类词=结构一致，AB单复数一致！！~ surpass, outnumber , A is B 是be动词前后呼应。 outweight, as一样作为,/// than： A可以单数，B可以复数 只要AB是一个名词或者to do,doing结构一致就行。
(C) Children of authoritative parents, rather than permissive parents, are the more likely to be self-confident, have a high self-esteem, and to be responsibly independent as（前面复数太多了不知道谁） adolescents.(D) Children whose parents are authoritative rather than being permissive, are more likely to have self-confidence, a high self-esteem, and be responsibly independent when they are an adolescent.（be是：单复数不一致）(be是:
AB结构一致但是不是同一类事物:My idea is the creationX  /My idea discrib thatV)
8. 同类事物比较哈哈哈哈
-------------------------------------
四停 选二。平行并列+代词就可以搞定了
9. The quality of earlier pieces of blown glass excavated in Italy and Western Europe by far
surpass those of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only in terms of the variety of shapes represented, but also in terms of decorative techniques
and functionality.
(A) by far surpass those （X同类且单复一致）of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only in terms of
(B) surpasses by far those from the eastern Mediterranean, with regard not only to
(C) far surpass that（老美最快排除点） of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only regarding
11. The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and it will probably have what is estimated as 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China(国家超过国家秒杀了) as the world's most populous nation.
--------------------------
修饰80% 平行（每道有）代词8/10
把than看成 and~~~
12. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are时态动词谓语 fungi(从后往前）, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars.（are前面没有中心名词，只有than比较，所以主语在后面倒装，，fungi are(省略了 efficient at acquiring carbon））than后面的中心结构是个句子！往前找句子平行 AV
-------------------------------------------
but从后往前找；or AB中选一个；and从后往前找看两者关系and；比较than in contrast to，compare to同类事物词性一致就OK。a is different from B 不一定单复数一致
N: as， surpass, outnumber, outweight
比较级考点：
less/ more...1. than... 2
1比较内容   2 比较对象than
12. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon(比较内容：更有效的在得到碳方面） than are fungi（比较对象：菌类有效的在得到碳方面和植物比较）没问题, in the form of（线内外链接处！往往是考点菌类是以碳形式不对，C是碳，对 ） carbon dioxide, and converting it（指代碳） to energy-rich sugars.
A. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi,and converting it to energy-rich sugars（and converting it（指代碳）比较了acquiring carbon，两个都比菌类有效）（比较级内容不一定都放在than前面，than前后都可以放~~）（比较对象2唯一，但是比较内容比了一半，且线外修饰bad）
C. Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon,（只比了 acquiring碳的比较，acquiring碳是有效的 没有比较 converting it，只比了efficient）
（比较有效：F前面唯一名词plants）（at acquiring carbon修饰菌类不对so去修饰有效）（比较更有效得到碳和转化碳）（对比A C没有把acqu,conver分成两段哦/ B是只比了碳和菌/Cacqu,conver是连在一块比的。1比较内容C好 2比较对象C也better ，修饰也没问题）
B. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi,（than fungi找名词lants !carbon 结构两个可以比较对象不对排了那么意思也有两个啊：P有效F无效orP有效得碳，无效得菌。不对了）
E. Plants acquire carbon more efficiently than fungi,（前面两个名词）
eg:    当律师属于美国主流business，b是一直失败的X,这个率 MORE 内容没有？THAN HALF？对象。比较对象more than 谁的half不知 什么的一半内容也不知道，（NS:失败率超过失败率的一半才行）more than 比较喜欢对象和比较内容！！B超过一半的美国失败，清楚

珍妮王小钰

时态只有 现在和过去类 不要跳组别哦
doing，done， to do是状态啦 修饰名词的
一直做着{   /V/  }，已经被做了，将要去做。这样读。。
        1 { doing}   2 done先 后V  3 先V后to do
A for doing b A的存在为了一直做b 之前就有b了     A的出现是为了让b更好持续下去- -
A to do B
有A 后才有b     动作先后关系的问题
谓语动词读出时态
一句话不要跳时态 除非有标志词除非其他选项都跳

33. New genetic evidence – together with recent studies of elephants’ skeletons, tusks, and
other anatomical features – provide compelling support for classifying Africa’s forest
elephants and its savanna elephants as separate species.
A. provide compelling support for classifying
B. provide compelling support for the classification of
C. provides compelling support to the classification of
D. provides compelling support for classifying 早就分类了
E. provides compelling support to classify  先有知识再有分类
考点2 组合时态意思不直接
will be doing= = will have been doing= =would have tobe done- -太不直接了 去比较其他选项比较。比较比较看好不好。  5个选项都有问题 选轻一点的哦to have been doing , to be doing组合状态表达意思不直接

12年后不考虚拟了；考点是四停来的哦~~~
（*情态动词是作者表示动作发生的可能性有很大主观意识的 不直接~while一样）be able to do be capable of ability去表示能力
时态也不好诶 比较比较
3. The list of animals that exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e.,claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.
(A) exhibits a preference of either using（先有左右手再有癖好） the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include对（且先扩张后包括比较a好）
(B) exhibits 先the preference to use（先有癖好再有左右手X） either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has 现been expanded and includes（and includes就是说扩展和包括同时发生的）

珍妮王小钰

我认为无需通读读全文，考试就是泛读去获取信息，文章可以先读段首论点知道讲的啥 然后做题去回去定位修饰对象细节例子，一段对应一段的来解题。我读完了以后要把字面直译转化成理解上的简洁复述，这一步要严格执行。ETS思路！！找选项对错要精确到一个点上面，不要去看整个选项！出题人角度是：每个句子每个结构每个词核实，我们要从出题者角度看选项：一个词一个词。不要一整个看。
摘录：读全文？？
需要。通读全文的好处主要是能够知道文章在讲的是什么，对文章的最后一题和涉及到的段落之间关系题大有益处。但是很多童鞋的问题在于不知道怎么去通读全文。这里要说明一下，通读全文不是每一个字都不放过，而是要去读文章每一段的主旨句和代表逻辑关系的句子（带有indeed, but, thus, however等逻辑信号词的句子），忽略举例的句子和对主旨句进行解释的句子。如果通读完全文后发现自己记不住，可以考虑用笔和纸记录下来每一段里面的核心内容，这样做最后一题的时候看着笔记就可以直接作答。

在时间分配上，平时练习时，最好训练自己3-5分钟的时间去通读全文，大概用20-30篇文章磨炼自己通读全文的速度。（没有加试的情况下）三篇文章整体答完后，余下5-10分钟的时间是最好的，可以用来检查刚刚做题过程中拿不准的题目。
平时做练习的时候，切忌对完答案就结束了，要注意总结反思的效果远远大于刷题的数量。所以，每次做完题，都需要记录下来自己错误的题号，以及错题对应的题型，这样后面可以有专门性地针对薄弱题型进行训练。另外如果一篇文章的错题的数量超过4个以上，或者是做题的过程中发现自己对这篇文章的主题不熟悉，如生物类，植物类等等，一定要在做题后进行精读。那么，如何通过精读不断进步呢？


1. 搞清楚每一句话的含义，运用一切手段----查字典，查语法书，甚至去查google。
2. 理解句与句之间的关系，段与段之间的关系，概括一个段落的主要意思，最好用英文自己的语言概括，控制自己不要去完全摘抄原文。
3. 做一个EXCEL生词表（get!），里面摘录自己的生词，词组。事实上，自己动手去整理远比背单词书的效率高很多，只是大部分人都克服不了自己的懒惰。
4. 反复阅读。读着读着就会发现很多第一次自己并没有注意到的东西。
5. 复述文章。能够口头或者书面复述读过的文章。考验自己的记忆力，逻辑思维能力，重新理解能力等等。
6. 四到五天就复习一下之前精读过的文章。

以上6个步骤如此循环，坚持下去，精读50篇左右的TPO和OG上的文章，基本可以所向披靡了。


摘录来源：知乎链接：https://www.zhihu.com/question/28361001/answer/156364583

珍妮王小钰

• 关于难区分的宾语从句：announced（谓语出现） that（本来用一个名词做宾结果用了一个句子：宾从（V后面的词））从句主语 it was eliminating jet service
• 找主谓：看到修饰就括起来，到标点符号反括号结束，主谓就惊现了
• 从今天开始模考啦 要考稍高一点的分数，五篇阅读也只能错一两道，最好不错
• 首先托福文章不存在什么精度与泛读之分，考场上的文章都是泛读，只是为了获取信息而读的。精度只是一种训练手段，是为了扫清阅读障碍。考场上的文章只有读得快与读得慢之分，而读得慢是因为能力问题，不是需求问题。托福文章哪些需要读，哪些不需要读？托福段落具有唯一性的特点，也就是一个段落只讲述一个事情，只要我们把这个段落所要表达的意思get到了，后面就知道它是讲啥了，通常后面都是举例，这个例子我们第一遍读其实都是不需要读的，后面如果考到这个问题立即再回来看就行了。可以简单记点
• 因为（解释前面这个传统不清晰 直译要清楚两句话关系  ）
  
  

珍妮王小钰

整个句子结构：SVO+修饰
句子元素：
1 名词SO （代词）2 V动词 3 修饰
4：平行并列：多重SVO+修饰一前后呼应
prep2012（12年全面改革）,og201718

第二 名词
1 主语，宾语
that tom will come to the classroom，放在主语 就是名词啦
doing/ to do （放在修饰的位置是修饰成分，放在主语位置是名词）
J主语：doing/ to do做主语看成名词，N不用找动作发出者了
16. Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low,
protect its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.
(A) Obtaining an investment-grade rating （Obtaining一整件事情做了主语）will keep the county's future borrowing costs low, protect
(B) To obtain an investment-grade rating（主语） will keep the county's future borrowing costs low,
and protect
(C) Having obtained an investment-grade rating will, in keeping the county's future borrowing
costs low, protect
(D) To obtain an investment-grade rating would keep the county's future borrowing costs low,
protecting
(E) Obtaining an investment-grade rating, keeping the county's borrowing costs low, would
be protecting


doing/ to do做动词宾语（有人会识别不出来当成宾语了当修饰了，没事没事性质不同目的是同的，修饰的目的是找动作发出者，而动词的宾语也是有动词发出者的，作名词可以不去找动作发出者不影响句子理解）
2. The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing（可能会开始的降低服务）service, announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some
unneeded operations, and it grounded twenty-two planes.


doing of sb/sth, sb's /sth's doing
doing 作了名词 意思翻译过来是名词“的”所属关系表达/eg: coming of mac / mac's coming/ 直接说mac's occurence. 表达名词的时候：选名词直接啊！看句子需要什么
N* 动词直接还是名词直接？语感，直接性
28. Joplin’s faith in his opera “Tremonisha” was unshakable; in 1911 he published the
score at his own expense and decided on staging 表演it himself. （介词后面加宾语，词性上需要名词的，但舞台stage是表演的意思把，，搬上舞台，本身是动词表达动作用动词比较好的，动词better）
(A) on staging it himself
(B) that he himself would do the staging  莫名其妙的名词- -别人想要动词的
(C) to do the staging of the work by himself  同上
(D) that he himself would stage it√
(E) to stage the work himself


了解词性
6. Possible long-term consequences of the “greenhouse effect,” the gradual warming of the
Earth’s climate, may include melting the polar ice caps and a rising sea level.
A. may include melting the polar ice caps and a rising sea level
B. may include the melting 名词of polar ice caps and the rising sea level（the后面一定跟名词/doing of..doing也是名词）搞清词性
*the +noun: the old(adjold就是名词了）
5. Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private
conversation; instead, it is precisely the opposite名词后面还有同位语, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.


代词来袭

（注意停，先画下停的地方：修饰，代词，动词，平行）
常考代词
考点：代词/修饰  à  结构上：找到清楚直接的指代/修饰对象（轻松找到且唯一）
                         à  意思上: 代入指代/修饰对象直译（直译读的意思看能否被修饰）然后用常识判断是否合理
清楚：找得到，唯一（排除）
直接：找得不累，一下子就找到（不优，比较）

指代一。 it they 系列（there，its，it，themselves等）
G代词一般放在主语的，主语呼应
情况1：主语位置--主语呼应
a. 主从句之间主语呼应
从句和主句主语~
状语从句：if the books are sold out to customers, they must be interesting.
宾语从句：The company informs the newspaper that it will lay off staff.

1. Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its结构主语呼应但是没有说清楚是谁，错 own weight would cause a star to collapse.【找到了唯一清楚的指代，但意思不清楚】
2. The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing  service, announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some  unneeded operations, and it grounded twenty-two planes.找到了唯一且意思合理 从句主语和主句主语呼应了。【找到了指代对象，意思上也是合理的】

b. 两个完整句子之间
5. Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone, a tool for private conversation; instead, it(结构唯一，把马可泥概念代入是精确相反的工具 意思不对哦）is precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience.【找到了唯一清楚的指代，但代入意思不对】【；两个完整句子间的主语呼应】



情况2：平行并列位置--AB两个平行并列部分内对应结构解决指代。指代的对象会先出现B的部分在A去找
12. Plants are more efficient at acquiring平行carbon than are fungi, in the form of carbon dioxide,
and converting平行 it to energy-rich sugars.
not but

情况3：

情况1,2无法解决，以及非情况1,2位置一三条原则（不在主语也不是平行的地方）
不优了。
原则1：同一个代词优先指代同一个指代对象。
1. Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its
own weight would cause a star to collapse.
(A) instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse 找不出it是谁
(B) instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight

原则2：在主语前后的整个修饰部分内出现代词，这个代词可以考虑优先指代主语。

• with its development in economics, Shanghai enjoys higher reputation than ever before.
  

原则3: 由近往远反着句子方向（多个检查），看单复数和代词一致的名词。不优了

17. Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific blends, are
known to be important in courtship, and apparently this assists flies that taste the
hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish their own species from that of others


（2）it 特殊指代
情况1: 形式主语
it is interesting that we hold a party/  that we hold a party is interesting.
it is  interesting to hold a party/  to hold a party is  interesting
一指代后面的that从句整个或者to do 整个结构
情况2: 形式宾语
make it possible to hold a party
make it possible that we hold a party
consider it interesting that we hold a party.
先看有没有特殊指代 that, to do 。没有就其他的指代啦





that it （句子主语呼应？不对∵前面是形式主语指代。that一整句指代it 一定不是主语呼应；这个时候要往前找单数名词，这里也不涉及平行并列结构，找到 单数The Washington Post ； 华盛顿邮报移到了第一名结构意思对）
20. It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963（这个是两个单词哦）that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command
that the paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.
(A) It （和之前出现过的句子主语呼应？代词指代出现在代词之前把，没有内容so形式主语指代that）was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963（N不对，修饰become）
that it（见上） moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command
that the paper won high praise  （奖励是因为 its unrelenting reporting。这个its没有平行并列对象的只有从后往前找，且its在从句里面只能在that从句里面找，报纸抨击了..意思结构完全对）24it本句话都有唯一的名词指代
(B) It was only after Katharine Graham's becoming publisher of The Washington Post in
1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and under her command it
had won high praise
(C) Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963, and only after that这件事情一句话没戏Xdid it move into the first rank of American newspapers, having won high praise under her command
(D) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham became
its publisher in 1963, The Washington Post, winning high praise under her command
(E) Moving into（修饰对） the first rank of American newspapers√ only after（1修饰美国报纸不对2 修饰动词moving，doing是after sb's doing;sb's doing太不直接啊!，直接写N吧你，after修饰结构上太不直接了） Katharine Graham's becoming its（找单数名词kg是人不行，单数rank 指代主语不直接而A很直接的） publisher in 1963（没有合理修饰，变成修饰副词也不能修饰moving啊）, The Washington Post won high praise under（修饰高的奖励？奖励在操控之下？修饰won?可以吧 A是that the paper won high praise整件事情是在操控之下；） her command（但for 不行了，因为华盛顿邮报的猛烈抨击水门丑闻，但这里的因为是修饰了它的命令把，命令是因为猛击丑闻/A 是奖励是因为抨击丑闻）for修饰won？？？不，如果这样，under也修饰won，就应该加一个平行并列的and。两个介词词组修饰won要加平行并列！

A 的after是 事情在事情之后 两件事情的先后关系。
形式主语和倒装必须会。读阅读文章句子。
线索多，quanhauxi
107. While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the
fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to
generate electricity.
(A) While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants, it is the
fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes it more expensive for them to
generate electricity.
(B) While the cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as for other types of power plants,
the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants make the electricity they generate more
expensive.
(C) Even though it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants,
it is the fixed costs that stem from building nuclear plants that makes the electricity they
generate more expensive.
(D) It costs about the same to run nuclear plants as for other types of power plants, whereas the
electricity they generate is more expensive, stemming from the fixed costs of building nuclear
plants.
(E) The cost of running nuclear plants is about the same as other types of power plants, but the
electricity they generate is made more expensive because of the fixed costs stemming from
building nuclear plants.

（3） that those 指代情况1： that those +名词 （出现在两个句子中）Gyf出现的较少往往出现在阅读文章中的上下句。
情况2： that those单独做名词性的代词使用
和it，they差不多但不同点：1 仅仅使用在平行并列结构中（平行并列前后呼应的观点，包括比较，surpass），而it they 无论是否平行并列均可使用。
2 that those 泛指，同一类但不是同一个事物
it they特指，同一个事物。
eg: The children of 1980s were much more brilliant than they are now. 比同一波人在现在
The children of 1980s were much more brilliant than those are now. 相比现在的小孩，两波小孩。
9. The quality of earlier pieces of blown glass excavated in Italy and Western Europe by far
surpass those of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only in
terms of the variety of shapes represented, but also in terms of decorative techniques
and functionality.

(A) by far surpass those of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only
in terms of
(B) surpasses by far those from the eastern Mediterranean, with regard not only to
(C) far surpass that of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only regarding

(D) far surpasses that 不同类事物of the eastern Mediterranean, with regard to not only
(E) far surpasses that of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only with regard to

18. Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than
at any time in their production history.
A. small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their(Xcars or manufacturers说不清了！their 是they特定指代现在技术下的了；)
B. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than theyX特指同一波 were at any time in their
C. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those泛指 at any other time in 现在比任何其他时候好
D. more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in theirX特指
E. more（四大考点之一从修饰做。做adv省油，adj修饰小汽车 歧义了！） fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in   现在比任何时候（任何包括了现在，选C）


（4）其他：
such+名词 (前文有这个名词，
this/ these +名词（阅读里有，前面有）
that， those +名词（同上）
单独的that/ this 出现肯定错（指代整个句子X不清楚不能指代句子！ 口语可以）
so： do so.   I think tom is right. he thinks so指代整个句子.

(C) Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963, and only after that这件事情一句话没戏Xdid it move into the first rank of American newspapers, having won high praise under her command
（5）other， another，要有呼应的内容作为指代对象，直译时需要把呼应的内容不出完整。
some people think that ..., and others （要说其他人）hold that...

NS 代词，时态，单复数
（6）there
（如果句子没有指代，或者不止一个介词词组可以指代）代词指代对象不好一般不选。
there is a man in the room.  找“在in那里的”there= in the room  去掉代词  in the room is a man.
in the room are two men   倒装
amongXX  谓语动词  +主语
同14

老美找主谓的方式：among的修饰到decade结束，一整个形容词，不能做主语
14. 考的介词特别长，（还有种平行并列呼应）Among介词词组修饰 the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades修饰//were谓语 the high cost of land, the pressure of housing and commercial development, and basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and California.
27. On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that
trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.
(A) On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles介词词组修饰// are believed to be/ the rate主语that trees grow（ 主谓单复数不一致，over了）（常考的倒装的句型）



17. Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific blends, are
known to be important in courtship, and apparently this assists flies that taste the
hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish their own species from that of others.
(A) and apparently this assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to
distinguish their own species from that of
(B) and apparently this assists flies when they taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates
in distinguishing their own species from those of
(C) which apparently assists flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in being
able to distinguish their own species from
(D) apparently assisting flies to taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates to distinguish
their own species from those of
(E) apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on prospective mates in
distinguishing their own species from

题更重要~~

珍妮王小钰

3C:结构意思
4：代词 修饰 主谓 平行并列多个S,V修饰
直译就是先读清楚结构再判断意思
先结构再意思
修饰  à  结构：清楚直接修饰对象
        à  意思: 代入重复修饰对象，然后用常识判断，合理

• 三个要停的地方，停下来找修饰对象对不对；动作发出者主语对不对 *不用语法常识解题，四停的d四个考点去解题才是考点的关键点* 多做作业啊作业 12prep,17OG (prep好老）
  

修饰的应用：

认识最正确考点： 12在没有原则错误情况下//3 选择结构意思相对正确的选项。结构清晰直接的，意思比较合理清楚的选项 结构和意思围绕着四大块进行~~~~~~~~~~~ 四大块 谓语V前的主语的结构和意思是否正确，代词前的结构和意思是否正确；最多：修饰 动词：1 动词发出者 2 时态（越简洁越好∵复杂时态就看不清到底什么时候发生了这事）eg: would have done X, G 很少用它做答案的. 时态复杂 将要已经完成？到底完成还是没完成啊
停！画出！画解题点的地方 画出就是找考点在什么地方
谓语动词要停；修饰成分要停；代词指代要停；平行并列要停。、


识别考点画出来=找考点
最快排除点；  结构错比如谓语动词没有，意思不用看了
1. Were/ it not for修 the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush/ from修 its代词 core, instead平/ its代词/
own weight would cause谓语动词，有时态的动词/ a star（不是考点不是代词，谓语动词，修饰） to collapse.
(A) instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse(AB主语不一样，导致a一开始的指代没法解决了)
(B) instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight
(C) a star√ would have to be collapsing V时态复杂 将要已经完成？到底完成还是没完成啊，要简洁才好∵复杂时态就看不清到底什么时候发生了这事 /under its own weight
(D) a star would collapse（从句过去时，主句would do） /under its own weight
(E) its own weight X指代对象不清/ would have caused a star’s collapse

我来写一个sample
代词结构上没有指代就不用看意思了；结构：修饰有唯一的修饰对象，代词有唯一的指代对象；谓语动词有唯一的一个主语。
A:1. were 结构上1：找主语，看结构是不是单数；were 倒装在结构上动作发出者是it，这里时态是虚拟啦，主语是 *虚拟：假设它不是因为=for 虚拟从句过去时作为虚拟，那么主句用would do sth; 如果从句是过去完成时用had done sth, 主句用would have done
意思上(结构对了后）：看it能不能作“要不是因为fp的热”...的事，找it指代对象（两句话之间主语呼应=）
2 it 结构上 its own weight; 意思上：it结构不清楚 不知道是谁的重量。A指代有问题 its own weight没法说清楚it指代谁和it的意思的是啥。因为it的意思在结构没有指代所以导致were在结构上的动作发出者it能不能做它也不能判断了 12意思不行的
B: 重写：1 were 结构 意思   it在B中指代 a star 2 it结构 a star ；意思：一个燃烧的星星要不是因为燃烧的发热的热量和辐射。意思OK了 星星能做这个事 在这个代词的位置也合理的。OK  *Were/ it not for for这个因为是修饰星星的：因为fp的热和辐射 3 for 结构是从for开始 到its core 结束，修饰主语it的，因为修饰it不是修饰were，were是系表结构 你是漂亮的，漂亮的修饰是还是你？当然修饰主语你~~~~~4. that 是修饰结构：结构：修饰 radiation，意思：辐射是冲出它的核。意思对的 5 rush是谓语动词 6 from 来自于 结构上是修饰rush的 意思上说冲出是什么样的冲出呢？冲出的形式是来自于它的核的一种冲出，OK  7 its 结构星星 冲出星星的核OK 8 instead 两句话间意思相反的 不对9 under介词词组是修饰，结构修饰 would have collapsed 意思上是
坍塌是什么样的坍塌呢？是在它重量之下的坍塌。would have collapsed under its own weight 10 its 结构意思修饰


2. The airline company, following through on recent warnings that/ it/ might start/ reducing
service, announced/ that/ it was eliminating/ jet service to nine cities, closing some
unneeded operations, and/ it /grounded(谓语看主语能不能做这个事情） twenty-two planes./详细分析à 去适应英文的表达方式和英语的句子构造
(A) closing some unneeded operations, and it grounded
(B) closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
(C) was closing some unneeded operations, while it grounded
(D) it closed some unneeded operations and grounded
(E) it was closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
初期要一个一个重复！！不要一股脑往下读 这个就是我全新的解题方式，出题规则：怎么出题怎么想
不停强迫自己停下来，才能形成学会思考的习惯~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·
A 1 following在结构上修饰的是 The airline company 意思航空公司去遵循贯彻，OK
2 on 关于 结构上修饰following这个动词的   意思贯彻执行是关于最近的警告，OK
3 that 同位语从句解释说明名词什么样的警告（*定语从句that当主宾修饰），航空公司可能会开始降低服务。
4 it 结构航空公司 意思上面 对 公司可能会开始降低服务完全能做这个动作的 OK
5 might start谓语动词 主语it航空公司，意思航空公司开始降低服务...OK
6. announced 谓语动词 结构：主语是The airline company 结构上找到了唯一的主语唯一的动作发出者~~；意思是航空公司会去宣布，完全能做宣布这件事。意思是对的 that 可以不写因为它是宾语从句诶在句子中当名词 不是修饰了。
7.  it was eliminating 结构：航空公司 意思：航空公司会去降低 OK
8. to  nine cities 介词词组 adj:什么服务修饰到九个城市的喷气式服务意思不对了；换成adv 结构上修饰 eliminating 意思：什么减少？减少到了九个城市 OK。
9. doing( svo,doing是完整句子svo的结尾特殊用法了！句子是完整的svo不是一个句号看题目是两个句子平行，）修饰最近名词九个城市   九个城市去关闭不合理运营X or 第二种情况考虑表示前面一整句话对后面产生的影响 这个doing是表示前面一整句话的结果。结构上找到前面整句话。可是！发现结构上没有解决这个问题，∵结构上前面有三句话（一套sv就一句话）！ it was eliminating；announced that；closing可以成为TM的结尾 announced导致closing的结果 or it was eliminating减少了飞机服务，不要考虑意思 因为closing...在结构上就没有唯一的能够修饰的句子。 3rd 考虑句子主语：有两句话都可以做doing这个事，说明至少有两个主语可以做doing这个事把 结构不唯一，it 和The airline company。这里虽然意思同，但 结构 不同，谢谢// 1种√
B 四停 看结构意思也锻炼阅读能力读懂句子们 托福80=看不懂，练结构练意思看懂句子意思go! 而G :上790就是考思维。
eg: understanding of the age of修饰 the planet and the universe理解，理解是属于这个年纪，是属于行星和宇宙的。=理解行星的年纪和理解宇宙的年纪   读平行并列一定要选择分配率原则。and 前后要做分配率的， the planet前面有个 the age of，要把年纪分到行星前和 宇宙前面
and 前面有逗号，两重并列and没有逗号，三重(B) closing some unneeded operations, and grounding 这个时候不是去找它修饰对象了， closing在结构上是属于谓语动词和 eliminating， grounding做平行并列的。它的主语是公司，公司减少喷气式服务减少到了九个城市，公司关闭一些不需要的运营和公司去关闭了22架飞机。三个谓语全部读完，意思上完全正确 B就没有考点了啊，没有指代修饰和平行了 正确。
C(C) was closing some unneeded operations, while it grounded 两个谓语动词前么有and
D(D) it closed some unneeded operations and grounded 前面有主谓了，逗号sv一定错误。
E 也是it was closing 排除
NS: 结构意思结构意思 带着逻辑和阅读go~~

理解句子意思很重要的
3. The list of animals 修饰/that exhibits a preference of either平行并列/ using the right or the left hand (i.e.,claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded/ to include the lower vertebrates.
A 1 of animals 修饰的是清楚的唯一的名词list
2 that exhibits 结构上：是谓语动词决定了修饰对象，list表单名单，结构唯一清晰；意思上：名单展示出了一个偏好 不对 做不了这个事情。练最快排除点，要找对，不要把错当对。
B exhibitsX
(A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded to include
(B) exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded and includes
(C) exhibit（指复数的名词animals） a preference in（固定习语，不是决定点） either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include

• in 在结构上修饰 preference偏好的 不管固定的话；  either后面跟doing using  而or 后面跟名词the left hand，两个结构不一样 不行。
  

(D) exhibit a preference for(for在结构上修饰偏好√意思上：动物有个偏好去为了让动物去使用，要么左手要么右手）/ using （谁使用，动物呗）either√the right or √the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has（主语是list，名单扩展去帮助）been expanded to include（和E哪个时态更好）（先去扩展，to 扩展之后后的目的是为了去包括）better ：要先扩大了表格才能去包括动物啊~~~先后关系更合理
(E) exhibit the preference as to（以至于，结构修饰 preference，展示出偏好，偏好以至于à介词意思不对啊，偏好是以至于，判断不出从后面判断either，后面结构不一样。主语还是要看句子意思看懂） either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes（and有同时，表格被扩展和表格包括同时赶脚）

• 代词 过了 动词（动作发出者和时态：过去现在状态：先后关系）
  

只有四个考点：修饰，代词，动词，平行并列
4. Many of the earliest known images of√ Hindu deities in India√date from the time of the
Kushan empire, fashioned不是谓语动词done修饰 either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schist.
(A) empire, fashioned（结构上修饰 empire,王朝被形成了 来自于有污点的砂岩属于M,但意思不对） either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
(B) empire, fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from（王朝来自砂岩X）
(C) empire, either平行+done fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or_+N 平行词性不一致
(D) empire and either+V fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or+介词词组 from 不平行
(E) empire and /were fashioned 被形成原因来自于GS/ either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from （ and：fashioned和date作平行并列，就是动词了，结构是谓语动词主语是many images；意思：图片形成（主动形式create）主动形成？东西 没有东西啊
全划线好做~~~~ 谓语：are likely to do sth
7. Authoritative parents are more likely谓语 than（平行并列） permissive parents to have children who定从 as adolescents are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.权威父母更可能比P父母去有（to do结构AP动作发出者），权威性父母去有一些孩子，who are是修饰children的~ children是自信的，children是高的 高的是在自尊方面，且children是责任上...的。adj前面重复children。
(A) Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as
adolescents are self-confident√, high（修饰children的） in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.
(B) Authoritative parents who are more likely than permissive parents√ to have adolescent
children意思不合理请：青少年的儿童，意思冲突矛盾≈中年的老年人X that are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent. +谓语没有  细节~

(C) Children of authoritative parents, rather than平行修饰X/ permissive parents, are theû 最快排除more likely to be self-confident, haveX a high self-esteemX意思, and to be平行 responsibly independent as 作为as的修饰对象不对啊 adolescents X. 独立像青少年的独立可以，但不能说独立像青少年X/// 平行里N做名词要单复一致，复词：修饰代词指代越近越好倒着找： 作为青少年复数前面有PP，AP,children 结构不唯一了
as 做副词修饰independent意思不合理；adj修饰名词在结构上没有找到唯一的修饰对象 错误
(D) Children whose结构修饰孩子：孩子的父母是有权威性的而不是 parents are authoritative rather than平行加修饰？平行去解释 being permissive, are（孩子是...） more likely tohave （修孩子）self-confidence, a high self-esteemX平行, and beX responsibly independent when两句话呼应 theyX主语呼应（主句children和从句的parents） arean adolescent. 当孩子们是一个青少年的时候，意思不对啊
注意看选项不要去挑结构看，挑个副词挑个and,不好习惯。一定要顺着去读。要从头到尾巴去理解这个句子结构意思结构意思~~~ 一群人变成一`个青少年= =
(E) Rather than修饰孩子去了- -X permissive parents, the children of authoritative parents are the more likely to have self-confidence, a high self-esteem, andX to be responsibly independent as anX adolescent.(结构对的 a high self-esteem 作为青少年，意思不合理）



8. In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade
deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
(A) In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade
deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of介词词组修饰 修饰500or declined作为结果√读文章 介词词组要找到正确的修饰对象 record exports to that country. 一句话一句养成习惯。一点一点说清楚结构和意思 托福高分来了（修饰最近啊代词指代啊写作很好）
(B) In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico, reducing its trade deficit by $500 million.
(C) Compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico , reducing their trade deficit by $500 million.
(D) Compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico, reducing the trade deficit by $500 million.
(E) Compared to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States record
exports to Mexico caused a 500 million decline in the trade deficit with that country

9. The quality 单数of earlier pieces of blown glass excavated in Italy and Western Europe by farsurpass those of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded修饰主语 not only in
terms of the variety of shapes represented, but also in terms of decorative techniques
and functionality. 每道题句子练到极限看懂
(A) by far surpassX thoseX of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only
in terms of
(B) surpasses比较平行并列 by far（修饰surpass的 远远的超过） those （质量超过那些，应该质量单数把，前面复数名词碎片，质量超过碎片）X from the eastern Mediterranean, with（最近修饰地中海的，东部地中海是不仅仅关于形状的多样性）regard not only to（而, but also加的是介词词组X）东部地中海也关于装修的技术和功能性，不对。2 超过3C:结构意思
4：代词 修饰 主谓 平行并列多个S,V修饰
直译就是先读清楚结构再判断意思
先结构再意思
修饰  à  结构：清楚直接修饰对象
        à  意思: 代入重复修饰对象，然后用常识判断，合理

• 三个要停的地方，停下来找修饰对象对不对；动作发出者主语对不对 *不用语法常识解题，四停的d四个考点去解题才是考点的关键点* 多做作业啊作业 12prep,17OG (prep好老）
  

修饰的应用：

认识最正确考点： 12在没有原则错误情况下//3 选择结构意思相对正确的选项。结构清晰直接的，意思比较合理清楚的选项 结构和意思围绕着四大块进行~~~~~~~~~~~ 四大块 谓语V前的主语的结构和意思是否正确，代词前的结构和意思是否正确；最多：修饰 动词：1 动词发出者 2 时态（越简洁越好∵复杂时态就看不清到底什么时候发生了这事）eg: would have done X, G 很少用它做答案的. 时态复杂 将要已经完成？到底完成还是没完成啊
停！画出！画解题点的地方 画出就是找考点在什么地方
谓语动词要停；修饰成分要停；代词指代要停；平行并列要停。、


识别考点画出来=找考点
最快排除点；  结构错比如谓语动词没有，意思不用看了
1. Were/ it not for修 the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush/ from修 its代词 core, instead平/ its代词/
own weight would cause谓语动词，有时态的动词/ a star（不是考点不是代词，谓语动词，修饰） to collapse.
(A) instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse(AB主语不一样，导致a一开始的指代没法解决了)
(B) instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight
(C) a star√ would have to be collapsing V时态复杂 将要已经完成？到底完成还是没完成啊，要简洁才好∵复杂时态就看不清到底什么时候发生了这事 /under its own weight
(D) a star would collapse（从句过去时，主句would do） /under its own weight
(E) its own weight X指代对象不清/ would have caused a star’s collapse

我来写一个sample
代词结构上没有指代就不用看意思了；结构：修饰有唯一的修饰对象，代词有唯一的指代对象；谓语动词有唯一的一个主语。
A:1. were 结构上1：找主语，看结构是不是单数；were 倒装在结构上动作发出者是it，这里时态是虚拟啦，主语是 *虚拟：假设它不是因为=for 虚拟从句过去时作为虚拟，那么主句用would do sth; 如果从句是过去完成时用had done sth, 主句用would have done
意思上(结构对了后）：看it能不能作“要不是因为fp的热”...的事，找it指代对象（两句话之间主语呼应=）
2 it 结构上 its own weight; 意思上：it结构不清楚 不知道是谁的重量。A指代有问题 its own weight没法说清楚it指代谁和it的意思的是啥。因为it的意思在结构没有指代所以导致were在结构上的动作发出者it能不能做它也不能判断了 12意思不行的
B: 重写：1 were 结构 意思   it在B中指代 a star 2 it结构 a star ；意思：一个燃烧的星星要不是因为燃烧的发热的热量和辐射。意思OK了 星星能做这个事 在这个代词的位置也合理的。OK  *Were/ it not for for这个因为是修饰星星的：因为fp的热和辐射 3 for 结构是从for开始 到its core 结束，修饰主语it的，因为修饰it不是修饰were，were是系表结构 你是漂亮的，漂亮的修饰是还是你？当然修饰主语你~~~~~4. that 是修饰结构：结构：修饰 radiation，意思：辐射是冲出它的核。意思对的 5 rush是谓语动词 6 from 来自于 结构上是修饰rush的 意思上说冲出是什么样的冲出呢？冲出的形式是来自于它的核的一种冲出，OK  7 its 结构星星 冲出星星的核OK 8 instead 两句话间意思相反的 不对9 under介词词组是修饰，结构修饰 would have collapsed 意思上是
坍塌是什么样的坍塌呢？是在它重量之下的坍塌。would have collapsed under its own weight 10 its 结构意思修饰


2. The airline company, following through on recent warnings that/ it/ might start/ reducing
service, announced/ that/ it was eliminating/ jet service to nine cities, closing some
unneeded operations, and/ it /grounded(谓语看主语能不能做这个事情） twenty-two planes./详细分析à 去适应英文的表达方式和英语的句子构造
(A) closing some unneeded operations, and it grounded
(B) closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
(C) was closing some unneeded operations, while it grounded
(D) it closed some unneeded operations and grounded
(E) it was closing some unneeded operations, and grounding
初期要一个一个重复！！不要一股脑往下读 这个就是我全新的解题方式，出题规则：怎么出题怎么想
不停强迫自己停下来，才能形成学会思考的习惯~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·
A 1 following在结构上修饰的是 The airline company 意思航空公司去遵循贯彻，OK
2 on 关于 结构上修饰following这个动词的   意思贯彻执行是关于最近的警告，OK
3 that 同位语从句解释说明名词什么样的警告（*定语从句that当主宾修饰），航空公司可能会开始降低服务。
4 it 结构航空公司 意思上面 对 公司可能会开始降低服务完全能做这个动作的 OK
5 might start谓语动词 主语it航空公司，意思航空公司开始降低服务...OK
6. announced 谓语动词 结构：主语是The airline company 结构上找到了唯一的主语唯一的动作发出者~~；意思是航空公司会去宣布，完全能做宣布这件事。意思是对的 that 可以不写因为它是宾语从句诶在句子中当名词 不是修饰了。
7.  it was eliminating 结构：航空公司 意思：航空公司会去降低 OK
8. to  nine cities 介词词组 adj:什么服务修饰到九个城市的喷气式服务意思不对了；换成adv 结构上修饰 eliminating 意思：什么减少？减少到了九个城市 OK。
9. doing( svo,doing是完整句子svo的结尾特殊用法了！句子是完整的svo不是一个句号看题目是两个句子平行，）修饰最近名词九个城市   九个城市去关闭不合理运营X or 第二种情况考虑表示前面一整句话对后面产生的影响 这个doing是表示前面一整句话的结果。结构上找到前面整句话。可是！发现结构上没有解决这个问题，∵结构上前面有三句话（一套sv就一句话）！ it was eliminating；announced that；closing可以成为TM的结尾 announced导致closing的结果 or it was eliminating减少了飞机服务，不要考虑意思 因为closing...在结构上就没有唯一的能够修饰的句子。 3rd 考虑句子主语：有两句话都可以做doing这个事，说明至少有两个主语可以做doing这个事把 结构不唯一，it 和The airline company。这里虽然意思同，但 结构 不同，谢谢// 1种√
B 四停 看结构意思也锻炼阅读能力读懂句子们 托福80=看不懂，练结构练意思看懂句子意思go! 而G :上790就是考思维。
eg: understanding of the age of修饰 the planet and the universe理解，理解是属于这个年纪，是属于行星和宇宙的。=理解行星的年纪和理解宇宙的年纪   读平行并列一定要选择分配率原则。and 前后要做分配率的， the planet前面有个 the age of，要把年纪分到行星前和 宇宙前面
and 前面有逗号，两重并列and没有逗号，三重(B) closing some unneeded operations, and grounding 这个时候不是去找它修饰对象了， closing在结构上是属于谓语动词和 eliminating， grounding做平行并列的。它的主语是公司，公司减少喷气式服务减少到了九个城市，公司关闭一些不需要的运营和公司去关闭了22架飞机。三个谓语全部读完，意思上完全正确 B就没有考点了啊，没有指代修饰和平行了 正确。
C(C) was closing some unneeded operations, while it grounded 两个谓语动词前么有and
D(D) it closed some unneeded operations and grounded 前面有主谓了，逗号sv一定错误。
E 也是it was closing 排除
NS: 结构意思结构意思 带着逻辑和阅读go~~

理解句子意思很重要的
3. The list of animals 修饰/that exhibits a preference of either平行并列/ using the right or the left hand (i.e.,claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded/ to include the lower vertebrates.
A 1 of animals 修饰的是清楚的唯一的名词list
2 that exhibits 结构上：是谓语动词决定了修饰对象，list表单名单，结构唯一清晰；意思上：名单展示出了一个偏好 不对 做不了这个事情。练最快排除点，要找对，不要把错当对。
B exhibitsX
(A) exhibits a preference of either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded to include
(B) exhibits the preference to use either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has
been expanded and includes
(C) exhibit（指复数的名词animals） a preference in（固定习语，不是决定点） either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include

• in 在结构上修饰 preference偏好的 不管固定的话；  either后面跟doing using  而or 后面跟名词the left hand，两个结构不一样 不行。
  

(D) exhibit a preference for(for在结构上修饰偏好√意思上：动物有个偏好去为了让动物去使用，要么左手要么右手）/ using （谁使用，动物呗）either√the right or √the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has（主语是list，名单扩展去帮助）been expanded to include（和E哪个时态更好）（先去扩展，to 扩展之后后的目的是为了去包括）better ：要先扩大了表格才能去包括动物啊~~~先后关系更合理
(E) exhibit the preference as to（以至于，结构修饰 preference，展示出偏好，偏好以至于à介词意思不对啊，偏好是以至于，判断不出从后面判断either，后面结构不一样。主语还是要看句子意思看懂） either using the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded and includes（and有同时，表格被扩展和表格包括同时赶脚）

• 代词 过了 动词（动作发出者和时态：过去现在状态：先后关系）
  

只有四个考点：修饰，代词，动词，平行并列
4. Many of the earliest known images of√ Hindu deities in India√date from the time of the
Kushan empire, fashioned不是谓语动词done修饰 either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schist.
(A) empire, fashioned（结构上修饰 empire,王朝被形成了 来自于有污点的砂岩属于M,但意思不对） either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
(B) empire, fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from（王朝来自砂岩X）
(C) empire, either平行+done fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or_+N 平行词性不一致
(D) empire and either+V fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or+介词词组 from 不平行
(E) empire and /were fashioned 被形成原因来自于GS/ either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from （ and：fashioned和date作平行并列，就是动词了，结构是谓语动词主语是many images；意思：图片形成（主动形式create）主动形成？东西 没有东西啊
全划线好做~~~~ 谓语：are likely to do sth
7. Authoritative parents are more likely谓语 than（平行并列） permissive parents to have children who定从 as adolescents are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.权威父母更可能比P父母去有（to do结构AP动作发出者），权威性父母去有一些孩子，who are是修饰children的~ children是自信的，children是高的 高的是在自尊方面，且children是责任上...的。adj前面重复children。
(A) Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as
adolescents are self-confident√, high（修饰children的） in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.
(B) Authoritative parents who are more likely than permissive parents√ to have adolescent
children意思不合理请：青少年的儿童，意思冲突矛盾≈中年的老年人X that are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent. +谓语没有  细节~

(C) Children of authoritative parents, rather than平行修饰X/ permissive parents, are theû 最快排除more likely to be self-confident, haveX a high self-esteemX意思, and to be平行 responsibly independent as 作为as的修饰对象不对啊 adolescents X. 独立像青少年的独立可以，但不能说独立像青少年X/// 平行里N做名词要单复一致，复词：修饰代词指代越近越好倒着找： 作为青少年复数前面有PP，AP,children 结构不唯一了
as 做副词修饰independent意思不合理；adj修饰名词在结构上没有找到唯一的修饰对象 错误
(D) Children whose结构修饰孩子：孩子的父母是有权威性的而不是 parents are authoritative rather than平行加修饰？平行去解释 being permissive, are（孩子是...） more likely tohave （修孩子）self-confidence, a high self-esteemX平行, and beX responsibly independent when两句话呼应 theyX主语呼应（主句children和从句的parents） arean adolescent. 当孩子们是一个青少年的时候，意思不对啊
注意看选项不要去挑结构看，挑个副词挑个and,不好习惯。一定要顺着去读。要从头到尾巴去理解这个句子结构意思结构意思~~~ 一群人变成一`个青少年= =
(E) Rather than修饰孩子去了- -X permissive parents, the children of authoritative parents are the more likely to have self-confidence, a high self-esteem, andX to be responsibly independent as anX adolescent.(结构对的 a high self-esteem 作为青少年，意思不合理）



8. In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade
deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
(A) In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade
deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of介词词组修饰 修饰500or declined作为结果√读文章 介词词组要找到正确的修饰对象 record exports to that country. 一句话一句养成习惯。一点一点说清楚结构和意思 托福高分来了（修饰最近啊代词指代啊写作很好）
(B) In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico, reducing its trade deficit by $500 million.
(C) Compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico , reducing their trade deficit by $500 million.
(D) Compared with ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States sold
record exports to Mexico, reducing the trade deficit by $500 million.
(E) Compared to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States record
exports to Mexico caused a 500 million decline in the trade deficit with that country

9. The quality 单数of earlier pieces of blown glass excavated in Italy and Western Europe by farsurpass those of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded修饰主语 not only in
terms of the variety of shapes represented, but also in terms of decorative techniques
and functionality. 每道题句子练到极限看懂
(A) by far surpassX thoseX of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, when regarded not only
in terms of
(B) surpasses平行并列的比较AB有比较的， by far（修饰surpass的 远远的超过） those （质量超过那些，应该质量单数把。from要解决those合理，those指代复数名词碎片，质量超过碎片X）X from the eastern Mediterranean, with regard not only to（but also+介词词组不平行X）  with最近修饰地中海 1东部地中海是不仅关于形状的多样性，东部地中海也关于装修的技术和功能性，不对。2 意思：质量超过啥东西 超过是不仅关于形状的多样性，超过也关于装修的技术和功能性，对、
(C) far surpassX that of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only regarding
(D) far surpasses that of the eastern Mediterranean, with regard to not only 考指代 质量是属于中部地中海= =
(E) far surpasses that of pieces 完美~from the eastern Mediterranean, not only with regard to修饰对象：最近名词地中海不行，修饰 surpasses 超过在哪些方面，要看懂句子。
电脑公司去报告 （结构上公司，意思报告，没问题。）强烈的第二季度收入，收入超过了华尔街的预测（结构意思可以），电脑公司去宣布（结构意思可以）公司宣布了第一步的措施 第一步是被介词修饰，是在一系列的价格削减方面， 削价是被设计的去增加进一步销量的增长。OK
10. The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall
Street's estimates and announced the first in修饰 a series of（结构意思可以） price cuts intended修饰削价 done的结构 /to increase  sales further.
(A) The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall
Street's estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase
sales further.
(B) The report of（结构意思可以） the computer company showed 报告展示（结构意思对）strong second-quarter earnings,       （surpassing修饰对象收入了，收入超过华尔街预计 对）
surpassing Wall Street's estimates, and they（earnings？ estimates？宣布？不对结构不清楚） announced the first in a series of price cuts  他们去设计price cut 目的是去提高销量进一步。
that （that当宾语容易看成同位语！当intend的宾语）they （不对，公司）intend to increase sales further.
(C) SurpassingX （修饰report错误了）Wall Street's estimates, the report of the computer company showed strong
second-quarter earnings, and, forX the purpose（修饰最近名词they，they指代谁？） of increasing sales further, they  announced the first in a series of price cuts.（修饰动词也不对宣布是为了增加销量吗？修饰对象也不对啊）
(D) The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings, while announcing（先考虑earnings宣布不对，然后考虑 company宣布） the    *while when if although  在句子结尾 doing/done是修饰最近名词O和S的 while不怎么好不直接哈 *表示目的todo 和 for the purpose 没啥区别的    修饰每个都想清楚看清楚锻炼读句子本领
first in a series of price cuts for the purpose of increasing sales further that surpass Wall（销量超过华尔街的预测了X，不是earnings了）Street's estimates.  宣布了一系列的措施在价格缩减， 削减是对于一个目的，目的是为了去属于上升销量进一步的，这句话时态也不对
(E) The computer company, surpassing(AB不是一类）X Wall Street's estimates, reported strong
second-quarter earnings, while announcing（e不行找了公司） that to increase sales（为了增长销量没有修饰公司没有修饰intend动词！） further,（为了增长销量修饰thereX） there would be(为了增长销量修饰有X） the first in a series of price cuts.
修饰靠近修饰对象，指代人口属于印度，人口已经集聚上升了，上升是持续了好几十年，前面OK。人口会有一些东西，这些东西是现在被估算作为1.6b人口 * for修饰主语it的，因为修饰it不是修饰were，were是系表结构 你是漂亮的，漂亮的修饰是还是你？当然修饰主语你
as修饰what 代词指代，what就是sth是作为1.6people  翻译成估算是作为1.6people。as平行并列错误 只能是东西作为1.6b人结构上错了。名词A as是名词 B 两者单复数一致把。复数孩子作为复数青少年。一个孩子作为一个青少年。as 修饰what 看what能不能作为billion people。
11. The population单数 of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and it will probably
have what（what读成两个单词sth that/ sth： 会有一些东西，that:这些东西是）现在被？估算作为？1.6b人口 is estimated as（修饰what 东西作为1.6B人） 1.6 billion people by 2050X（修饰有比较好但没有啊，修饰人和估算很奇怪，被估算作为截止到2050的1.6Bpeople的人？意思怪） and surpass(will surpass平行单复数是OK的但是人口X意思上不能做surpass的事情排除） (NS：人口超过中国的人口)China as the world's most populous nation.  
(A) it will probably have what is estimated as
(B) they没有指代前面是单数 are likely to have
(C) the country（找到唯一的国家印度） will probably have  印度可能有1.6B的人很好啊，截止2015有..很好，印度超过中国，ok
(D) there will probably be  X DEthere在那里怎么能超过中国呢X
(E) there will be an estimated

珍妮王小钰

YF概要：
J在没有原则语法错误情况下选择结构意思正确的选项。结构清晰直接的，意思比较合理清楚的选项
直译方式；全新找主谓的方式 找谓语：修饰从上述几个特征词开始到标点符号或孤独的谓语动词前结束；

首先看结构写的1重复主谓对不对 2重复修饰意思对不对

分析主谓和修饰对象

直译出声音

谓语动词前重复主语 把修饰对象（在修饰成分的前面或后面的词）重复一下。新的找主谓的方式：人工括号；

J 修饰 谓语动词 代词都高亮 然后再直译句子（高亮要重复）理解句子
错误：意思重复；头重脚轻不好；
1. 主谓不可缺一2. 主谓单复数一致 3主谓离开很远，中间插有修饰通过重复来判断主谓ûSVO and SVO   √SVO, and SVO 4. adj修饰名词 adv修饰动词和形容词修饰成分是紧贴着修饰对象的 5.less little much 修饰不可数，即+单数 Few fewer many 修饰可数6. which不可以指人，也不能指一个句子7.意思重复8 句子头重脚轻

珍妮王小钰

2 done
Done by..., svo
s, done by...,vo
sv, done by..., o
svo done by...


s1, done by..., s2, and s3 vo. 不对 前后距离远一样，结构就不唯一 结构对了才能读意思。
s1 done by..., s2, and s3 vo.
svo, done by...
（doing还要考虑svo和s）

SVO, when done...
O
S(不直接但是不能算错，要么你最好放到前面去）
when, if，although， before， after , until, unless
----------------------------------------------------------------
svo, done by... 注意只能修饰O
4. Many of the earliest known images √/ of Hindu deities √/in India√/ date from the time of the


Kushan empire, fashioned 被形成 either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan
grey schist.X意思不通王国被形成来自于砂砾和灰色岩石..... 不能用被形成来修饰后面一大堆意思错误X
(A) empire, fashioned/ either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or    （ fashioned修饰empire不对的）
(B) empire, fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from  
(C) empire, either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
(D) empire and either fashioned (主动形成=createsth fashion了什么呢？意思不通的 )from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
(E) empire and were fashioned (主语是many）either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from（遗迹图像被形成 可以）

练每个解题方法。