29号一战 记得的不多

戴戴兽

阅读：维他命延长寿命
第一段说大家普遍认为多摄入维他命有助于延长寿命
第二段说这个调查是mislead大众的，因为当初做这个调查的小组在发表这个结果之前犯了某种错误，（这种错误是一道题）
题目有问主旨
还有寂静已经有的蛇的那篇。
逻辑
大货车司机总是疲劳驾驶引发事故，政府要求他们几小时就停下休息再走。可是客车司机们说高速公路边没有足够的随时停车的地方让他们休息，所以他们拒绝遵守规定。问下列哪个削弱卡车司机的言论。一个选项是高速公路边有足够的停车位。
有一种东西被提出可以减弱患胸部疾病的几率，就用小白鼠做实验，这题没看懂。
坐稳
有调查称有运动习惯的人比没有运动习惯的人进医院的概率少了一半，所以一个公司负责人对政府说建一个设施完善的体育馆，以减少政府的健康保险费用支出，从而平衡政府收支。
1调查不足
2无端假设，建了不一定人们会去
3设施完善本身就是政府支出，超出保险就达不到目的了

戴戴兽

monica1315 发表于 2015-11-4 16:26
你做的是这篇吗：
【V1】by bjbzhfang
第一段是讲蔬菜水果对人体有益，但是研究当中也出现了一些什么状况 ...

前三个说的是一个 是我做过那个 第四个并不是

戴戴兽

monica1315 发表于 2015-11-4 09:41
你做的是不是这篇：
In terrestrial environments, gravity places special demands on the cardiovascular ...

像。。。但是具体已经不记得了

monica1315

你做的是这篇吗：
【V1】by bjbzhfang
第一段是讲蔬菜水果对人体有益，但是研究当中也出现了一些什么状况。。。记不得了。
第二段主要讲了某一项对维生素C的研究把大众误导的这么一件事。
【V2】by schighness
人们常认为维生素C 有利于延长人的寿命。有人研究发现实际上维生素C和寿命延长并没有什么联系，解释了一下这个观点，最后说维生素E和草酸还是叶酸也和延长寿命没有关系
【V3】by Alicelady
维生素C使人寿命延长是未被证明的
第一段：提出维生素C的重要性。简要介绍维生素C。
第二段：提出维生素C延长人的寿命（life-span）是没有被证明的。比如当时某教授做实验时候忽略了很多别的因素。所以该理论未被证明。
【V4】By maggiejiang
抗衰老
    【主题思路】
    多吃抗氧化物质为什么不能让人变得更年轻；
    【文章结构】
    传统理论：多吃抗氧化物质可以抗衰老；
    实验：   虫子吃多了抗氧化物质老的快；
    解释：   身体自我修复功能扮演了很重要的角色；过多的抗氧化物质，让身体觉得不要修复自由基了；
    【段落大意】
    第一段：传统理论认为抗氧化物质抵挡衰老；
    人类衰老的原因是因为自由基的增多，所以抵抗自由基就能延缓衰老。有一些砖家认为多吃抗氧化物质就能抵抗更多自由基的生成，从而能够延长寿命，比如多吃水果蔬菜就是多吃了抗氧化物质。但是事实并非如此，
    第二段：实验证明效果是反的；
    科学家们做了个实验，实验里面用了什么虫子和老鼠。科学家用事先修改过的基因培养这些虫子和老鼠，因为基因的改变，这些老鼠虫子会比一般的老鼠生成更多自 由基，也更快衰老。给另外一批实验品吃抗氧化的物质。但是结果发现，这些被改过基因的动物寿命居然比那些一直在吃抗氧化物质的老鼠要长。这个是为什么呢？
    第三段：理论解释原因；
    科学家说有个可能的解释是这样子的，其实因为自由基的生成，动物体内会自己有个修复功能，一定范围内越多的自由基生成，那么这个修复功能就越强，动物在自 动修复的时候往往over 去修复，这样在一定程度上就有个刺激的反作用，会让动物年轻。而过多的吃抗氧化物质，会让身体觉得正常，不用修复，就没有了这个修复消灭自由基的过程，反 而会让身体沉淀了更多的自由基。这就是为什么平常健康锻炼的人要比吃水果蔬菜不锻炼的人要健康。
    【问题】
    1）就是他有问到如果科学家再做实验，应该有什么样的对照，答案我不记得了，大家做的时候注意下。
【考古待确定…】
【V1】by asdzxcham
说是主要是两个物质：一个是很free的 R 物质，一个是维生素C（背景知识：维生素C是抗氧化剂）。 然后两个主要的效果，一个是氧化，O开头的单词，狗主虽然不认识这单词，但是知道维C抗氧化，又接着一个O开头的词又是讲衰老的话题，立马知道会是氧化了~另一个是机体的自我修复机能，re什么的单词。
然后讲文章主要内容，一开始科学家知道有两物质，维生素和R，维生素抗衰老，R则是游离的活性物质，对细胞会造成一定损伤damage。然后以前的主流观点认为多吃果蔬长寿，是因为维C抗氧化，于是长寿。
后来一个科学家做实验，弄了几个对照组，有单变量modifier。一组是维C含量很高，一组一般，结果维C很高的那组并没有很长寿，寿命和普通组一样。倒是R含量很高的组，很长寿。于是就研究发现，R这个活性物质虽然对身体有轻微损伤，但是能刺激身体的修复机能，所以反而可以长寿。而运动中的人会提高R的释放量，于是提高了身体的修复能力，所以这也是为什么多运动的人长寿的原因。
大概就这样，几个问题都是主旨题，有一题我比较不确定的，就是他有问到如果科学家再做实验，应该有什么样的对照，答案我不记得了，大家做的时候注意下。
【V2】roambear
第二篇是寂静22.抗衰老。整理版寂静各段落大意也很给力。有道题是问基因改过后的老鼠哪一项是对的。我记得选A，他们比没改过的活得久，除非他们被喂了抗氧化的东西。还有一题主旨题。还有问第一段作用的。选B。就是提供a set of theories that the authorrejects in the third paragraph。

monica1315

你做的是不是这篇：
In terrestrial environments, gravity places special demands on the cardiovascular systems of animals. Gravitational pressure can cause blood to pool in the lower regions of the body, making it difficult to circulate blood to critical organs such as the brain. Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit adaptations that aid in circulating blood against the
force of gravity.
The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best illustrated by what happens to sea snakes when removed from their supportive medium. Because the vertical pressure gradients within the blood vessels are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the surrounding water, the distribution of blood throughout the body of sea snakes remains about the same regardless of their orientation in space,provided they remain in the ocean. When removed from the water and tilted at various angles with the head up, however, blood pressure at their midpoint drops significantly, and at brain level falls to zero.
That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those orientations.
One such adaptation is the closer proximity of the terrestrial snake's heart to its head, which helps to ensure circulation to the brain, regardless of the snake’s orientation in space. The heart of sea snakes can be located near the middle of the body, a position that minimizes the work entailed in circulating blood to both extremities. In arboreal snakes, however, which dwell in trees and often assume a vertical posture, the average distance from the heart to the head can be as little as 15 percent of overall body length. Such a location requires that blood circulated to the tail of the snake travel a greater distance back to the heart, a problem solved by another adaptation. When climbing, arboreal snakes often pause momentarily to wiggle their bodies, causing waves of muscle contraction that advance from the lower torso to the head. By compressing the veins and forcing blood forward, these contractions apparently improve the flow of venous blood returning to the heart.
The passage provides information in support of which of the following
assertions?
(A) The disadvantages of an adaptation to a particular feature of an environment
often outweigh the advantages of such an adaptation.
(B) An organism's reaction to being placed in an environment to which it is not well adapted can sometimes illustrate the problems that have been solved by the adaptations of organisms indigenous to that environment.
(C) The effectiveness of an organism's adaptation to a particular feature of its environment can only be evaluated by examining the effectiveness with which organisms of other species have adapted to a similar feature of a different environment.
(D) Organisms of the same species that inhabit strikingly different environments will often adapt in remarkably similar ways to the few features of those environments that are common.
(E) Different species of organisms living in the same environment will seldom adapt to features of that environment in the same way.
Answer: B
According to the passage, one reason that the distribution of blood in the sea
snake changes little while the creature remains in the ocean is that
(A) the heart of the sea snake tends to be located near the center of its body
(B) pressure gradients in the water surrounding the sea snake counter the effects of vertical pressure gradients within its blood vessels
(C) the sea snake assumes a vertical posture less frequently than do the terrestrial and the arboreal snake
(D) the sea snake often relies on waves of muscle contractions to help move blood from the torso to the head
(E) the force of pressure gradients in the water surrounding the sea snake exceeds that of vertical pressure gradients within its circulatory system
Answer: B
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true of
species of terrestrial snakes that often need to assume a vertical posture?
(A) They are more likely to be susceptible to circulatory failure in vertical
postures than are sea snakes.
(B) Their hearts are less likely to be located at the midpoint of their bodies than is the case with sea snakes.
(C) They cannot counteract the pooling of blood in lower regions of their bodies as effectively as sea snakes can.
(D) The blood pressure at their midpoint decreases significantly when they are tilted with their heads up.
(E) They are unable to rely on muscle contractions to move venous blood from the lower torso to the head.
Answer: B
The author describes the behavior of the circulatory system of sea snakes
when they are removed from the ocean (see lines 17-20) primarily in order to
(A) illustrate what would occur in the circulatory system of terrestrial snakes without adaptations that enable them to regulate their blood pressure in vertical orientations
(B) explain why arboreal snakes in vertical orientations must rely on muscle contractions to restore blood pressure to the brain
(C) illustrate the effects of circulatory failure on the behavior of arboreal snakes
(D) illustrate the superiority of the circulatory system of the terrestrial snake to that of the sea snake
(E) explain how changes in spatial orientation can adversely affect the circulatory system of snakes with hearts located in relatively close proximity to their heads
Answer: A
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is a true
statement about sea snakes?
(A) They frequently rely on waves of muscle contractions from the lower torso to the head to supplement the work of the heart.
(B) They can not effectively regulate their blood pressure when placed in sea water and tilted at an angle with the head pointed downward.
(C) They are more likely to have a heart located in close proximity to their heads than are arboreal snakes.
(D) They become acutely vulnerable to the effects of gravitational pressure on their circulatory system when they are placed in a terrestrial environment.
(E) Their cardiovascular system is not as complicated as that of arboreal snakes.
Answer: D
The author suggests that which of the following is a disadvantage that results
from the location of a snake's heart in close proximity to its head?
(A) A decrease in the efficiency with which the snake regulates the flow of blood to the brain
(B) A decrease in the number of orientations in space that a snake can assume without loss of blood flow to the brain
(C) A decrease in blood pressure at the snake's mid point when it is tilted at various angles with its head up
(D) An increase in the tendency of blood to pool at the snake's head when the snake is tilted at various angles with its head down
(E) An increase in the amount of effort required to distribute blood to and from the snake's tail
Answer: E
The primary purpose of the third paragraph is to
(A) introduce a topic that is not discussed earlier in the passage
(B) describe a more efficient method of achieving an effect discussed in the previous paragraph
(C) draw a conclusion based on information elaborated in the previous paragraph
(D) discuss two specific examples of phenomena mentioned at the end of the previous paragraph
(E) introduce evidence that undermines a view reported earlier in the passage
Answer: D
In the passage,the author is primarily concerned with doing which of the
following?
(A) Explaining adaptations that enable the terrestrial snake to cope with the effects of gravitational pressure on its circulatory system
(B) Comparing the circulatory system of the sea snake with that of the terrestrial snake
(C) Explaining why the circulatory system of the terrestrial snake is different from that of the sea snake
(D) Pointing out features of the terrestrial snake's cardiovascular system that make it superior to that of the sea snake
(E) Explaining how the sea snake is able to neutralize the effects of gravitational pressure on its circulatory system
Answer: A

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