因果关系及答题方向总结

zhaokai09

直奔主题
果因关系：题干特征在解释一个现象或者事实，一般前提是现象或者事实，结论是原因
答案特征：涉及果或者解释果，这里的解释果其实可以理解为干扰因素或者它因

因果关系：题干特征由事实得出了一个结论，一般前提是事实，结论是相关推理
答案特征：涉及因或者指出干扰因素


果因的两个例子：
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
Ferber’s syndrome, a viral disease that frequently affects cattle, is transmitted to these animals through infected feed. Even though chickens commercially raised for meat are often fed the type of feed identified as the source of infection in cattle, Ferber’s syndrome is only rarely observed in chickens. This fact, however, does not indicate that most chickens are immune to the virus that causes Ferber’s syndrome, since .

(A)  chickens and cattle are not the only kinds of farm animal that are typically fed the type of feed liable to be contaminated with the virus that causes Ferber’s syndrome
(B)  Ferber’s syndrome has been found in animals that have not been fed the type of feed liable to be contaminated with the virus that can cause the disease
(C)  resistance to some infectious organisms such as the virus that causes Ferber’s syndrome can be acquired by exposure to a closely related infectious organism
(D)  chickens and cattle take more than a year to show symptoms of Ferber’s syndrome, and chickens commercially raised for meat, unlike cattle, are generally brought to market during the first year of life
(E)  the type of feed liable to be infected with the virus that causes Ferber’s syndrome generally constitutes a larger proportion of the diet of commercially raised chickens than of commercially raised cattle


答案D，可以看出其实解释现象的原因，其实可以看做是它因

A major network news organization experienced a drop in viewership in the week following the airing of a controversial report on the economy. The network also received a very large number of complaints regarding the report. The network, however, maintains that negative reactions to the report had nothing to do with its loss of viewers.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the network’s position?
(A)  The other major network news organizations reported similar reductions in viewership during the same week.
(B)  The viewers who registered complaints with the network were regular viewers of the news organization’s programs.
(C)  Major network news organizations publicly attribute drops in viewership to their own reports only when they receive complaints about those reports.
(D)  This was not the first time that this network news organization has aired a controversial report on the economy that has inspired viewers to complain to the network.
(E)  Most network news viewers rely on network news broadcasts as their primary source of information regarding the economy.

答案A：答案特征提到了果。

因果的两个例子：
The Maxilux car company’s design for its new luxury model, the Max 100, included a special design for the tires that was intended to complement the model’s image. The winning bid for supplying these tires was submitted by Rubco. Analysts concluded that the bid would only just cover Rubco’s costs on the tires, but Rubco executives claim that winning the bid will actually make a profit for the company.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly justifies the claim made by Rubco’s executives?
(A)  In any Maxilux model, the spare tire is exactly the same make and model as the tires that are mounted on the wheels.
(B) Rubco holds exclusive contracts  to supply Maxilux with the tires for a number of other models made by Maxilux.
(C)  The production facilities for the Max 100 and those for the tires to be supplied by Rubco are located very near each other.
(D) When people who have purchased a carefully designed luxury automobile need to replace a worn part of it, they almost invariably replace it with a part of exactly the same make and type.
(E)  When Maxilux awarded the tire contract to Rubco, the only criterion on which Rubco’s bid was clearly ahead of its competitors’ bids was price.


答案D，答案方向：干扰因素

Most bicycle helmets provide good protection for the top and back of the head, but little or no protection for the temple regions on the sides of the head. A study of head injuries resulting from bicycle accidents showed that a large proportion were caused by blows to the temple area. Therefore, if bicycle helmets protected this area, the risk of serious head injury in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced, especially since        .

(A)  among the bicyclists included in the study’s sample of head injuries, only a very small proportion had been wearing a helmet at the time of their accident
(B)  even those bicyclists who regularly wear helmets have a poor understanding of the degree and kind of protection that helmets afford
(C)  a helmet that included protection for the temples would have to be somewhat larger and heavier than current helmets
(D)  the bone in the temple area is relatively thin and impacts in that area are thus very likely to cause brain injury
(E)  bicyclists generally land on their arm or shoulder when they fall to the side, which reduces the likelihood of severe impacts on the side of the head

答案方向：与因有关，从这里的可以看到其实这种答案方向是连接因果，就是解决断桥问题

我觉得helr方法比较重要的一点就是不要纠结于分类，其实有些题目可以有多个分类的。

例如：上面果因关系中第一道题也可以分为类比的，体会下，它是将cattle和chicken类比的，答案也提到了两者之间的差别。条条大路通罗马。

个人根据helr方法的一点总结。大家一起讨论

gloriahh

这道题C选项我居然没看到surviving这个重要的词汇，所以把C排除了……

elopealone

顶楼主！
<a id="fasterR3" href="javascript:;">感谢分享！</a>
<span style="line-height: 25px;">快速回复：</span>
<script type="text/javascript">
if(getcookie('fastpostrefresh') == 1) {$('fastpostrefresh').checked=true;}
$('fasterR1').onclick = $('fasterR2').onclick = $('fasterR3').onclick =$('fasterR4').onclick = function(){
fasterRSub(this);
}
function fasterRSub(obj){
$('fastpostmessage').innerHTML = obj.innerHTML + '               ';
$('fastpostsubmit').click();
}
</script>
               

coldface

看一下！               

iso9

留个脚印```````

splendorleo8023

看一下！               

alzn2765

janeyang170 发表于 2015-9-30 12:07
您好，我想请教下关于逆否命题非因非果的思路。

您写道：

已更正。谢谢指出。

大路的慧慧

同意！               

janeyang170

alzn2765 发表于 2015-9-27 16:29
果因推理找加强

加强套路无外乎3种：

您好，我想请教下关于逆否命题非因非果的思路。

您写道：

前提（果）：the otter population decline
结论（因）：orcas

果--->因
逆否命题是 非因--->非果
非因：the otter population NOT decline
非果：No orcas

鉴于结论（因）是有orcas
前提（果）是the otter population decline

那我理解的非因非果好像是：
非因：没有orcas
非果：the otter population NOT decline

综合起来是，in the places which is inaccessible to orcas, most of the surviving sea otters live there.
请问这样理解对么.....？还在努力学习逻辑中，请指教。感谢！

janeyang170

看一下！