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涉及人物
Neil R.McMillen，写过：《Dark Journey：Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow》
《Dak Journey》 examines white dominion and black striving in Mississippi during the crucial years of segregation and disenfranchisement. Neil McMillen describes Jim Crow "from the bottom up," from the black Mississippians' own vantage point - whenever useful and possible in their own words. McMillen portrays the continuing black struggle for autonomy and full citizenship as a journey in three stages, beginning in the lower aftermath of a failed reconstruction, proceeding through a period of expedient, opportunistic accommodation and separate development, and terminating, ultimately, in the favoring milieu of a second age of civil rights. Dark Journey is a revealing, engrossing, profoundly disturbing book reflecting mature judgments, graceful craftsmanship, and deep familiarity with primary sources. Although McMillen meticulously details white rule, his emphasis throughout is the black experience and particularly black resistance. He examines black economic, educational, and political aspirations, black encounters with the too-similar courts of Jim Crow and Judge Lynch, and evolving black patterns of accommodation and protest. In his interpretation, World War I emerges as an instrument both of protest for the departing and of social leverage for those who stayed behind.
C. Vann Woodward 1：C. Vann Woodward对 Neil R.McMillen的书：《Dark Journey：Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow》的评价 ："Remarkable for its relentless truth-telling, and the depth and thoroughness of its investigation, for the freshness of its sources, and for the shock power of its findings. Even a reader who is not unfamiliar with the sources and literature of the subject can be jolted by its impact."
2：C. Vann Woodward 出过的书《The Strange Career of Jim Crow》 He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870's. This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in Part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP （全美有色人种协会）legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward's lectures. The lectures were soon published as a book. 《The Strange Career of Jim Crow.》 Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition. Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition "had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolu- tion published in 1776." That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact.
3：OTHERS ABOUT 《The Strange Career of Jim Crow》 The book offers a clear and illuminating analysis of the history of Jim Crow laws, presenting evidence that segregation in the South dated only to the 1890s. Woodward convincingly shows that, even under slavery, the two races had not been divided as they were under the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s. In fact, during Reconstruction, there was considerable economic and political mixing of the races. The segregating of the races was a relative newcomer to the region.
其他背景：FROM WIKIPEDIA
吉姆·克劳法 (Jim Crow laws) 泛指1876年至1965年间美国南部各州以及边境各州对有色人种（主要针对非洲裔美国人，但同时也包含其他族群）实行种族隔离制度的法律。这些法律上的种族隔离强制公共设施必须依照种族的不同而隔离使用，且在隔离但平等的原则下，种族隔离被解释为不违反宪法保障的同等保护权，因此得以持续存在。但事实上黑人所能享有的部份与白人相较往往是较差的，而这样的差别待遇也造成了黑人长久以来处于经济、教育及社会上较为弱势的地位。 1865年至1876年的重建时期，联邦法律为南方的自由黑人提供一定程度的民权保护。重建时期结束后，南方各州政府、立法机构及法院重新被南方白人所掌控，一系列吉姆·克劳法被通过来隔离种族。 1945年后，美国民权运动兴起，民权团体用联邦法律来抵抗吉姆·克劳法。例如著名的“布朗诉托皮卡教育局案”于1954年由美国最高法院作成判决，终止了公立学校中的种族隔离；美国国会随后在1964年通过《1964年民权法案》及《1965年投票权法案》，禁止法律上有任何形式的种族隔离和歧视政策，吉姆·克劳法在法律层面上正式走入历史。
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