2008.11月的閱讀機經-songbird學習那篇

第一段，       
說除了人，猴子，海豚，鯨魚什麼之類的，它們的語言是有model的，其他動物也發聲，但是沒model的。兩個學者，一個中國人和一個老外N一起做了個研究，研究什麼鳥學習發音的情況。

第二段，       
說那個中國人的研究發現了。他發現這種鳥有兩種向它成年的老爸學習發聲的方法，一種是重複學一個音節，叫什麼repetition的方法；還有一種是整句整句地學，雖然學得不好，叫什麼m打頭的一個方法。下面還有兩句，講什麼忘了。

Zebra
finches are highly social songbirds that breed colonially. In nature, male
juveniles learn their songs by imitating that of their father or other adult
males with whom they interact, often copying different parts of the song from
different adults

An
earlier study (4) suggested that song imitation in zebra finches commonly
started with successive repetitions of a same precursor syllable.

第三段，       
還是這個中國人的發現。他發現同一窩的三對姊妹鳥學習的方法不一樣，有的選repetition，有的選m方法，它們會選定適合自己的方法去學習。

第四段，       
講那個老外N的發現了。N認為這種鳥的學習發音的方法跟嬰兒學習語言的方法很像。有些嬰兒用重複音節的方法，有些嬰兒用學整句的方法。目前沒有人知道是什麼原因。然後提出進一步研究的發現。

As in
zebra finch juveniles, infants too show remarkable variability in the way in
which they achieve eventual mastery of the sounds of language. Whereas some
infants focus, at the onset, on serial repetitions of a same word, others go
through a stage where they use fairly imprecise short phrases for which,
eventually, the words become clearer. The manner of speech of the latter
children has been compared with the cadence, in terms of inflexion and
emphasis, of the adult phrase, although it still lacks recognizable individual
words. These two strategies are very different, and children often use both in
a way that cannot be related to the parents' efforts to guide speech
development (13–16).
Thus, in both infants and zebra finches, vocal learning does not unfold in a
preset manner but rather emerges as an exercise in problem solving that leaves
much room for external influences and individual learning styles. Overall, our
observations add in unexpected ways to the many known similarities between
vocal learning in birds and humans (17,
18). As in the past, we are struck by the fact that
songbirds, with brains 1,000 times smaller than those of humans and with a very
different evolutionary history, go about vocal learning, nonetheless, in ways
that are not all that different from ours

感谢！

谢谢!

这是旧JJ里的内容,4段,而且讲的是八哥

这个月的新JJ应该是2段的,不同的