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Manufacturers have to do more than build largemanufacturing plants to realize economies of scale. （主旨句，说明需要怎么样才能实现规模经济） It is true that as the capacity (of a manufacturing operation )rises,costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches“minimum efficient scale,” (where the cost per unit of output reaches aminimum,)( determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size ofthe potential market.)【这里的it is truethat…however…让步转折，有点类似于中文的“诚然…但是”；去掉多余的修饰成分就可以很清晰的看到，这句话主要表达了一个逻辑关系，即当工厂达到“最小有效规模”时，单位成本下降】 However, minimum efficientscale cannot be fully realized unless a steady“throughput”(the flow of materialsthrough a plant) is attained. The throughput (neededto maintain the optimal scale of production) requires (careful) coordination not only of the flow (of goods through the production process), but also of the flow (of input from suppliers) and the flow (of output to wholesalers and final consumers).【去掉修饰成分就可以清楚的看到，吞吐量取决于并列的三个“flow”】 If throughput falls below a critical point, unitcosts rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer’s fixed costs and“sunk costs” (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease (when production declines) (due to inadequate supplies of rawmaterials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks). 【固定成本和沉没成本不变】 Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on (thephysical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is,on) tangible capital—but realizedeconomies of scale are (operationaland organizational, and) depend on (knowledge,skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or )intangible capital.【得出结论，实现规模经济还是要靠无形资产】 生词： Economies of scale 规模经济 efficient scale有效规模 Throughput吞吐量 critical point临界点 Sunk cost沉没成本 tangible capital有形资本 factory floor工厂车间 翻译： 要想实现规模经济，制造商们该做的并不仅仅是建造一个大工厂那么简单。诚然，随着制造能力的提升，当工厂规模达到“最小有效规模”时，单位成本会降至最低，且减少量取决于现有技术水平与潜在市场的大小。但是，只有在达到稳定的“吞吐量”（工厂内的物资流量）时才能完全实现最小有效规模。实现最优规模所需的吞吐量必须是生产过程中的货物流量、原材料投入量与批发商及客户的需求量三者相结合的产物。当吞吐量降至一个临界点时，单位成本急剧上升，利润消失。当产量由于原材量不足、工厂车间问题或低效销售网点而下降时，制造商的固定成本和“沉没成本”（投入实物产业的原始资本）并不会随之下降。因此，潜在的规模经济基于生产设施的物理和工程特点，也就是有形资产；而实现规模经济是需要运作和组织能力的，依赖于知识、技术、经验和团队合作，也就是有组织的人类能力，或无形资本。 The importance (of investing in intangible capital) becomes obvious (when one looks at what happens in newcapital-intensive manufacturing industries).【看到intangible capital可以确定第二段是围绕第一段的结论进行展开的】 Such industries arequickly dominated, not by the firstfirms (to acquire technologically sophisticated plants (of theoreticallyoptimal size)), butrather by the first to exploit the full potential (ofsuch plants).【看到but rather，转折后面肯定是重点】 Once some firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hardto enter. Challengers mustconstruct comparable plants and do so (after the first movers have already worked outproblems) (with suppliers or with new production processes). Challengers must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets(where first movers have all the contacts and know-how). And challengers must recruit management teams (to compete with those) (that havealready mastered these functional and strategic activities).【”and”连接两个must，即要想进入这个市场必须做的事情】 【第二段以新兴资本密集型制造业为例，阐明无形资产对实现规模经济的重要性】 生词： Dominate控制 know-how诀窍 recruit招聘 翻译： 当人们注意到新兴资本密集型制造业工厂的变化时，对无形资产的投资变得尤为重要。这类工厂并不是由已达到理论上最优规模的第一家技术先进的公司控制，而是由第一家开发这类工厂的全部潜能的公司控制。一旦一些公司达到这一要求，这个市场就很难再进入了。想进入这个市场的挑战者必须建造相仿的工厂，并且在先行者已经解决了同供应商或新的生产过程的问题后仍然需要建造与之相仿的工厂。挑战者必须在一个先行者拥有所有门路和诀窍的市场上建造属于自己的销售网和销售系统。同时，挑战者必须招聘管理团队来与那些早已掌握这些功能性与策略性活动的工厂竞争。
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发表于 2014-4-20 19:42:20
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