[求助]GWD12-6

Q4 to Q7:

      The term “episodic memory” was

           introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

           considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line          the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)         to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)         memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

(15)         examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)         scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

           jays to remember the type, location, and

           freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

(25)         prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)         information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

           reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

            using the term “episodic-like” memory.

Q6:

The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to

1. choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade


2. unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions


3. bind together information about different aspects of a single past event


4. reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly


5. distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event

Answer: A

看了关于该篇阅读的讨论，这道题和大家选的不一样，也没有找到关于这道题的讨论，somebody could help me out?

我这道题选A的原因如下：

C试验的目的是： Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.  有两个目的：1，关于时间，地点，什么的记忆能力；2，将这些信息binding在一起的能力。

试验的结果是： showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. 就是说C的第一个目的得到了验证。

试验的过程：

1. 关于时间、地点、什么的记忆能力的具体体现是： Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.

2. 具体的试验经过：Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.  Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade（freshness） more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, --这句话的意思是，crickets被储存在一个地方，而peanuts在另一个地方，jays喜欢crickets但它容易变质，这时，一旦食物被存放的时间过长，Jays就会改变他们的习性（习惯）转而去食用peanuts。

结合以上文章内容：

选项A: choose different storage places(one location and another) for different kinds of food(Crickets and peanuts) to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade.(the food had been stored for a certain length of time, 即freshness)--A选项的意思是：c的实验证明了，JAYs能够从不同的存储的地方寻求不同种类的食物，以将食物变质的速率降低，我认为正符合了上面那段话所表达的内容，也符合了C et al设计试验的内容和初衷。

请NN指出A的错误；

关于C选项，是否最终证明了binding information的能力，文章没有具体说明，个人认为的观点是：最终没能证明；原因如下：

关于em的标准，正如C et al所发展的一样，不是仅仅关于某一个事件的独立片断，而是 they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.  而when\where\what只是一个事件的某一个片断，这也是为什么在文章的最后，会有这样的句子： Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were able to reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. 因为C 没有能够证明鸟类有将这些单独的片断bind在一起的能力，所以鸟类不能狗reexperiencing the past.

open to discussion（请NN指点；先谢了！）

P.S. 我的答案是：BCAB

正是由于这道题的理解，是我将第七题的E迅速排除

有2点不同意见：

恩，同意楼上的分析，A选项时有问题的，

还有一个问题，楼上觉得Such experiments cannot,however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.--是作者的观点呢？还是C的观点？

既是作者赞同的观点，也是C的观点。因为有下一句：Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.

有2点不同意见：

看到wangyu关于第七题和第六题的解释，有些迷惑了

如果实验事实表明了jays可以binding information，同时又不是reexperiencing the past的话，那第七题的E选项就没有错误了啊？第七题的错误之处不就在于binding information 和reexperiencing the past 是一致的，所以从T和C的论述中才可以得出The binding of different kinds of information is  a distinctive feature of episodic memory。从而E选项错误吗？？

能不能大家再帮忙解释一下？？

不好意思，刚才糊涂了，一觉醒来明白了

C确实通过实验证明了jay 具有binding information的能力（第六题正确选项C），但是这个能力需要和reexperiencing the past(也就是文章一开始的travel back into the past in one's own mind) 结合在一起才是episodic memory,由于C没有证明第二点，所以不能说jay具有episodic memory,但这并不能否认binding information的能力是a distinctive feature of episodic memory。所以第七题的E是错误的

看来今天也许应该休息一下？？

我认为第六题应该从这句话里找答案：

Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30) information about the what, the where,

and the when.
    

C:bind together information about different aspects of a single past event