9.26阅读三

Homeostasis, an animal’s maintenance of certain internal variables within an acceptable range, particularly in extreme physical environments, has long interested biologists. The desert rat and the camel in the most water-deprived environments, and marine vertebrates in an all-water environment, encounter the same regulatory problem: maintaining adequate internal fluid balance.

表明本文论述的主要对象：稳态，并且提到了下文将要用来主要举例的缺水环境中的desert rat and camel以及海水环境下的marine vertebrates

For desert rats and camels, the problem is conservation of water in an environment where standing water is nonexistent, temperature is high, and humidity is low. Despite these handicaps, desert rats are able to maintain the osmotic pressure of their blood, as well as their total body-water content, at approximately the same levels as other rats. One countermeasure is behavioral: these rats stay in burrows during the hot part of the day, thus avoiding loss of fluid through panting or sweating, which are regulatory mechanisms for maintaining internal body temperature by evaporative cooling. Also, desert rats’ kidneys can excrete a urine having twice as high a salt content as sea water.

desert rats保持渗透压和含水量的方法：①avoid loss of fluid through panting and sweating;②肾可以将盐更多地排出体外

Camels, on the other hand, rely more on simple endurance. They cannot store water, and their reliance on an entirely unexceptional kidney results in a rate of water loss through renal function significantly higher than that of desert rats. As a result, camels must tolerate losses in body water of up to thirty percent of their body weight. Nevertheless, camels do rely on a special mechanism to keep water loss within a tolerable range: by seating and panting only when their body temperature exceeds that which would kill a human, they conserve internal water.

camel主要通过忍受（第二问相关）

      Marine vertebrates experience difficulty with their water balance because though there is no shortage of seawater to drink, they must drink a lot of it to maintain their internal fluid balance. But the excess salts from the seawater must be discharged somehow, and the kidneys of most marine vertebrates are unable to excrete a urine in which the salts are more concentrated than in seawater. Most of these animals have special salt-secreting organs outside the kidney that enable them to eliminate excess salt.

      merine vertebrates [size=14.6667px]have special salt-secreting organs outside the kidney that enable them to eliminate excess salt.

261. Which of the following most accurately states the purpose of the passage?

(A) To compare two different approaches to the study of homeostasis

(B) To summarize the findings of several studies regarding organisms’ maintenance of internal variables in extreme environments

(C) To argue for a particular hypothesis regarding various organisms’ conservation of water in desert environments

(D) To cite examples of how homeostasis is achieved by various organisms

(E) To defend a new theory regarding the maintenance of adeuate fluid balance

262. According to the passage, the camel maintains internal fluid balance in which of the following ways?

I. By behavioral avoidance of exposure to conditions that lead to fluid loss

II. By an ability to tolearte high body temperatures

III. By reliance on stored internal fluid supplies

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) I and II only

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

camel这一段里面强调了没有i and iii

263. It can be inferred from the passage that some mechanisms that regulate internal body temperature, like sweating and panting, can lead to which of the following?

(A) A rise in the external body temperature

(B) A drop in the body’s internal fluid level

(C) A decrease in the osmotic pressure of the blood

(D) A decrease in the amount of renal water loss

(E) A decrease in the urine’s salt content

264. It can be inferred from the passage that the author characterizes the camel’s kidney as “entirely unexceptional” (line 11) primarily to emphasize that it

(A) functions much as the kidney of a rat functions

(B) does not aid the camel in coping with the exceptional water loss resulting from the extreme conditions of its environment

(C) does not enbale the camel to excrete as much salt as do the kidneys of marine vertebrates

(D) is similar in structure to the kidneys of most mammals living in water-deprived environments

(E) requires the help of other organs in eliminating excess salt

和desert rats进行对比，前面提到desert rats' kedney的功能是[size=14.6667px]can excrete a urine having twice as high a salt content as sea water，camel没有这样的肾，所以不能减少水的流失