[SC总结] OG11 SC总结 请大家踊跃拍砖!!

这是第二遍的总结.欢迎过路者拍,批!!(有什么建议都可以, 那怕只是一个语法点都绝对欢迎!) 我的总结一定有很多很多不完善和错误之处,恳请大家指教!! 偶先谢了!   (说明: OG11黄皮书)

 GMAT SC 总结(GMAC制定的游戏规则)

目录

1.       主谓一致

2.       平行&结构

3.       动词时态

4.       代词&指代

5.       表达准确（not awkward）

6.       比较&对比

7.       惯用词组

8.       修饰（分词、动名词、定语从句、同位语、插入语、独立主格等等）

9.       逻辑正确、清晰

10.   简洁（not wordy）

11.   措辞精确

12.   几个专题（虚拟语气、被动语态、of & ’s、being、there be）

13.   句法

14.   未划线的部分注意些什么？

15.   对于选项的观察

16.   解题步骤与技巧的小节(需要在做题时积累)

17.   需要纠正的错误观点

 一、        主谓一致

“名词+ 介词短语” 后的谓语动词与
   “名词” 保持一致  (OG11, 1)

“名词+ ,..., ” 结构后的谓语动词与 “名词” 保持一致  (OG11,3; 9)

“v-ing +名词,”中v-ing作定语, 则其后的谓语动词与 “名词” 保持一致  (OG11:8)

⑷GMAC在出题时经常利用很长的修饰成分将主语和谓语远远的分开:

如: OG11: 21(Paleontologists believe that fragments
   of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old
   provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.);

34(Efforts
   to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education reformers and many states in the 1970's, have not significantly reduced the gaps existing between the richest and poorest districts.);

41(While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the costs
   associated with upgrading data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products and technical staff
   are prohibitive.);

61(Since 1986 enrollments
   of African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans in full-time engineering programs in the United States
   have steadily increased, while the number of other students entering the field has fallen.);

90(The resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as
   ^"standing waves.");

108(The first decision for most tenants living in a building undergoing conversion to cooperative ownership is whether to sign a no-buy pledge with the other tenants.);

138(The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets-Mercury, Venus, and Mars-spin
    was determined from collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the solar system.)

或者用together with, along with 等短语来迷惑考生, OG11: 3

(5) “A and B”结构后的谓语是复数的; OG11: 52; 138; 用or连接的主语词组是单数 OG11: 67(if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to…)

(6) n.的最后有-s的为复数名词 OG11:69(dioxins); GMAT中一个名词的谓语是单数还是复数只取决于该名词有没有写成复数形式 OG11: 84(Agency)(强烈关注反例) 特例: OG11:65中的citrus 看起来像复数,其实是单数(文中没有提示的词语)

(7) many of Ns.+V. 动词V.应该为复数,因为主语是many. OG11: 69;

(8) “A of B”结构的中心词为A; 所以, “A of B”结构做主语时A是真正的主语.  OG11: 61; 103

(9)v-ing短语作主语,则谓语用单数 OG11: 73(题干); 99

(10) nuclei是nuclear的复数.  OG11: 104

二、        平行&结构

一) 总纲:
     

平行的目的是为了结构清晰而更容易理解,如同OG11: 123中OG说: The comparison between Holland and the United States
    is not clear because it is not parallel. ;有时甚至为了追求对称将固定词组拆开 OG11: 130(将“in childhood”插入到“die of”中间,且没用双逗号.);但有个大前提就是句意(逻辑)上必须正确,GMAC会拿形式上的平行、好看,掩盖句意上的荒谬.要留心.如: OG11: 136A

平行有两个层面: 形式层面
    包括:主被动一致OG11:66;时态上的一致 OG11:136CDE(OG说: To maintain parallelism, the verbs must be receives ... declines ... regains)
    含义层面 OG说 “Parallelism requires that the same word forms perform the same functions in the sentence.”(见OG65)

划线处紧前有一个and, 则平行结构必为考点. OG11: 13;91;119;129 也有紧跟在划线后的OG11: 46;

结构要清晰
  例如OG11:103E(to cost less is confusing because it seems to parallel to deliver) 其实很多选项都是因为结构不够清晰而被排除,因为不清晰的结构让人难以理解或产生歧异,故意思也不清晰.结构清晰,平行优先.从OG11: 120体会结构(主干)和修饰语位置的重要性.可以看出在主干不好的情况下, 修饰语的位置再做调整也无法使句意明朗. The subject and verb 的作用在于immediately identify the focus of the clause.

二) 各种平行结构及其规则

1.       “A and B”
   “A, B, and C” 两者中各要素需完全对称! 并且and一定要有.

对的具体说明:

     该结构并非一定是平行结构,and 有时仅起连接作用(e.g.OG11,13中“since 1969 and Camille”;81;113题干的开头: The original building and loan associations were…);但作为平行结构时,A,B 需要完全对称

     重复的部分能不能省略的问题: 其实不论省去什么都是为了简洁,但省后如果使结构不清晰，而造成句子理解上的困难,则不省为好.不能省的:1) that从句OG11:69D(n.that…and that…),此时，第二个that不能省去,因为结构不够清晰; OG11: 137(第一个announcement比较长,使得并列不明显,
   the addition of that
    before its business would creates another parallel clause associated with announced and clarifies that there is a second announcement.) 2)to do结构 OG11，115E（OG说:本题to是可以省的,但重复to可以加强体现平行结构.）88C(不定式作与主句分离的修饰成分);可以省的: 1)that从句OG11:92(题中 “ordered that the levels…be measured and (that) the results (be) published” that和be都被省去,很清晰);2)to do结构 OG11，70E（enough to affect…and (to) induce…）;3)用完成式时的对称: “have done and done”OG11,78;4)对于助动词的使用:OG11:56(would rise…and (would) act…); 91(would grant X and (would省略) penalize Y)

     对“A and B”中and的作用，OG说 “The conjunction and is necessary to show that the two effects (or actions) are equal and separate.”重点注意separate.如OG11: 89C(A,B之间不能有包含关系,即separate.)

     “S.,修饰语,V1…,and V2…”(V2的动作发出者仍是S.)

     用 “V1 and V2”结构表达两个动作在顺序上的先后不明显, 用“V1 and then V2”比较好 OG11: 113C

     “A and B”中A，B是两个名词时，对称需要更精确 OG11:119 (体会两个adjective-noun form的经典对称)

     as…as与and结合的并列: as clear and as concisely expressed as possible(出自OG11, 129的解释)

对的具体说明:

  1) to do, (to) do and (to) do.  OG11: 11       

2) that…, (that)… and (that)….

    3)…can…,…(can)… and …(can)….（can代表情态动词）

括号内的共存亡.原则:当平行非常明显时, 要省去. OG11: 11

“S.+ V1…, V2… and V3…”结构中,V3前不能有指代主语S.的代词. OG11: 127

“V1…to V2, V3… and V4…”结构,虽然V3和V4前没有to,但它们优先与V2对称,而非V1. OG11: 127

“S.+V.+O1.,O2.,and O3.”结构要注意V.的意思及其作用范围.OG11: 134D(The verb reduced
    applies to all three parallel elements, so inserting lowered
    before fatigue illogically suggests that fatigue actually increased.)

特别指出: 1) 两个以上从句的对称也遵循上面两种结构 OG11: 136 BCD(n. who…, but whose…; n. who…, who…and who…)

Cool!!!!

2) “状语, SV1…, and SV2…状语”而不是 “SV1…状语, and SV2…状语”OG11: 46CD,大概是因为前一种结构更体现两个句子的对称, 句意清晰, 因为第二个S是代词, 且第一个状语很长.

1.        平行时，最高级的两种使用: the 不可以省略e.g. OG11: 13中
            “the tenth most intense hurricane to hit the United States mainland in the twentieth century and the most intense since Camille in 1969.”(去the后会有歧义, the tenth most intense since Camille in 1969?) the 可以省略 e.g. the most frightening and most intense

2.        and 换成or 的情况:
        在否定句中(NOT; NO) OG11: 14

   
        表选择: 排他性选择 (e.g. M or F) OG11: 82 程度不同的选择

3.       “A do, so too do B. ” 中too 后的do (be 动词也包括) 不要省略. OG11: 18C

4.       小平行 (某些小处也会要求平行): OG11: 32 (inflation
                eased when it
                might have been expected to rise) (此处也是小对比)有颜色处是平行的; its 放在这里替换it就不对.

5.       有时虽然考察平行结构很容易看出,但结构本身可能并不容易分析, 这时选项有可能会给出提示: 如OG11: 35就存在词性分析的问题 (把A选项放到句中是:Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found the local witnesses are difficult to
                locate, reticent, and are
            suspicious of strangers.) “are”虽然不该有,但在reticent不认识的情况下,提示了suspicious是adj.或者n.,所以suspicious不与locate (在difficult to之后必为v.)并列,只能与difficult并列.(注意: OG说紫色的部分算是平行的); 47(staying与谁对称?)

6.       分词的对称并不要求都为现分或都为过分,只要是两者中的任意一种即可,但必须是分词,不能是其他任何成分. OG11: 39; 60的题干中: despite后面

7.       介词有时有必要补出, 否则会有歧义 OG11: 47ACD(by)

8.       to do is(系动词) to do 要求对称 e.g. The only way to know is to take the plunge．OG11: 65;

9.       either…or… / neither…nor… / not only…but also…要求对称(The word, phrase, or clause that follows one half of the pair must be parallel to that which follows the other half.);注:这三者中间均无逗号隔开.OG11: 84; 106

10.    both…and…既可以连接两个名词,也可以连接两个动词. E.g. She can both speak and write Japanese. OG11: 112CE

11.    “A of B1, B2, and B3”结构 OG11: 61

三、动词时态

1. 各种时态的作用及表达的含义

一般过去时

这个时态的使用
                    indicating that the 动作或者事件 is
                    over, 即发生在过去的某个时间; OG 说: Past tense indicates a completed event. 

现在完成时

OG: Used with has or have, the present perfect tense describes an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues into the present．

e.g. 1) I have traveled all over the world．(at an indefinite time);

    2) He has gone to school since he was five years old．(Continues into the present)

有两种基本用法: “已完成”用法和
                “未完成”用法.无论哪种用法,现在完成时所表示的意义都与现在时间有联系,因此都不能与表示确定的过去时间的状语连用.这是一条重要的规则! 但当过去时间的状语由since(做连词或介词)引导,就不受此限. E.g. I have known him since 1960.

1) “已完成”用法: 表示动作或过程发生在说话之前的某个没有明确指出的过去时间,现在已经完成,并与现在的情况有联系(即:其影响持续到今天). 2) “未完成”用法: 表示动作或状态从过去的某时开始,继续到现在,也可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.(OG说:
        现在完成时describes action that began in the past and continues into the present.)如:OG11: 1; 9; 95D; 131B

这个时态也暗含时间上的先后顺序OG11: 63; 81(强烈关注)

标志词: 1) Since +时间
                用现在完成时 OG11: 61 (注意: since 此时是介词);

一般现在时

(1)   表达“科研成果、统计（资料）表明”要用一般现在时 OG 11，3

(2)   “Sb. generally V. that…” that从句中的时态为一般现在时   OG11: 55

进行时的使用

OG:1) Present progressive: Used with am，is，or are, this verb form describes an ongoing action that is happening now. 2) Past progressive: Used with was or were, this verb form describes something that was happening when another action occurred．E.g. the student was studying when the fire alarm rang．

进行时 (现在进行和过去进行两种) 侧重于动作的进行,而不是它的完成. GMAT中进行时很少作为正确选项 OG11: 55CDE; 101B  找到了反例:OG11: 118(顺便体会现在分词做定语的含义: The sentence reveals an ongoing situation (the economy is becoming...), so the use of the present progressive tense (are lacking in) in place of the present tense (lack) is appropriate.)

过去完成时

OG: This verb form is used with had to show the order of two events that took place in the past.

e.g. By the time I left for school，the cake had been baked．(by表达“在…之前”的意思.)

表达 “过去的过去”,暗含两个过去发生的动作在时间上的对比和先后顺序; 通常这种对比和差异是要强调的,或者说是句意表达上的需要.OG11: 58C; 76的解释: “Two periods in time are
        compared, and the verbs must reflect the difference. The period before 1986 requires the past perfect, had confronted, because it is the earlier of the two; the period beginning in 1986 requires the simple past, confronted, because it is the later.” 137(The sentence must clarify that the analysts held their expectations before the company^'s announcement. That is, it must use the past perfect tense had expected to show action prior to the past tense of announced.)只要题目中出现一个过去完成式的动作A,又有一个或几个一般过去式的动作B(,C…),即表明A是在B(,C…)之前发生的. 如OG11, 86: “
                The past perfect had moved indicates action completed before the action in the simple past were aired.” 有时虽然在时间上两个动作是一前一后发生的, 但句意上并不强调两者的差异, 而是强调两者的一致(都是发生在过去), 则都使用一般过去时即可.OG11: 135(begin和culminate;本题and也要求两者的时态要一致)

将来完成时

OG11: 137E (the future perfect tense (will have improved) that implies the action will be completed rather than ongoing.即:将来完成时强调动作将被完成, 而非动作将continuing.)

2. 一个句子中各个动词的时态一般情况下要求连贯一致 (consistent), 除非有明确的时间状语或者是句意上的需要.OG11: 7

3. 有时候句子中的时态可能会很怪，这种情况下一般时态不作为考点，即五个选项在时态上是一致的；考察的是其他知识点。如OG11:32 (一般过去时与现在完成时混用)

4.句子中提示时态的词很重要 OG11:77(last year出现在划线部分之外,且较隐蔽)

5. if引导的Conditional constructions require specific verb tenses. For a past condition, the subordinate clause introduced by if uses the past indicative, and the main clause uses the conditional:
            if x happened, then y would happen.OG11:57;如果The
        if clause uses the
        present tense, the main clause must use the future tense.OG11: 126; 但if引导的条件句在有些情况下并不满足
            “If x happens, y will happen.”或者
            “Y will happen if x happens first.”句型.比如:OG11: 8: Rising inventories,
        if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth. (做插入部分;且if从句的主语和主句的主语一致); 67(Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.)

6. without…= if X does not happen, 二者时态要求一致, 后面同样可以接 Y will not / will happen.; 且without sth.和主句之间没有逗号.OG11: 57B. 当然也有不接的情况: OG11: 1(在题干中)

四、代词&指代  (注:关于which和 that的总结放到了修饰里面)

1.When a number of words intervene between a pronoun and its referent,代词的指代错误经常就此产生. 此时一定要分析清划线处的代词到底指代的是谁(有时会离得非常远). (OG11, 5)

2.一个句子中, 代词先于主句主语出现, 应指代主句主语; 否则, 会出现指代不清的问题. OG11: 20B

3.代词的指代要注意单复数的问题. OG11: 43 (it)

4.一句话中相同的代词(形式可以不一)必须指代同一的事物 OG11: 50(it); 81(they; 理解句意的关键) ;111A; 137(it; 不然会使句子confusing)(强烈关注反例)

5.使用名词(往往是新名词)来替换代词是GMAC改正代词指代错误的推荐方法之一. OG11: 4(figure); 63(the animal); 65(the fruit)

6.在it ,that之前,分别有两个以上的单数名词,复数名词,错, 指代不清. OG11: 26D(其实it指代natural phenomena); 63A; 91A (强烈关注反例)

7. whose 既可以指代人,也可以指代物.OG11: 113(题干中); whose 只能指代它紧前面的名词(从句的平行结构例外) OG11: 78

8.one可以作为代词,用做动词或介词的宾语以避免重复
                “a/an+名词”结构. E.g. There have been a lot of accidents in the fog. I read about one this morning. (one指代 an accident)  OG11: 63BE; 89A; ones用来代前面出现的名词的复数 OG11: 31DE (注意: one和ones指代的事物只要前面提过即可,不需要数上一致.Longman: used to mean someone or something of a type that has already been mentioned or is known about.)

9.them 不可以指代作为介词宾语的名词OG11:102E (“Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them with her narratives and…”中them 不可以指代book illustrations)

10.them可以做动词的直接宾语;而these不可以 OG11:115

11.如果名词的所属关系会构成歧义,可添加代词来消除. OG11: 127(When its is inserted before long rubbery limbs, it becomes clear that the limbs belong to the sloth, not the trees.)

12.
            使用who还是使用whom, 取决于其在从句中的成分, 与主句无关; 当作为从句中介词或动词的宾语时, 关系代词要用whom.OG11: 89; who只能指代人. OG11: 130

13. “A and B, who+单数动词” who既可以指代A, 也可以指代B.如果初衷是要修饰B, 则改为: “B, who+单数动词, and A” OG11:109C

14.that单独出现则一定是代词,指代前面出现过的对象 OG11: 14(注意这里的that 很有趣,与前面出现的一个that是并列的.)

15.those who is wordy.  OG11: 37CE;

16. “what be…”结构中,be的单复数取决于be 后的部分 OG11: 59(what are now temperate areas)

17. that和it作代词时存在差异 OG11: 57D; 73E; 100(本题中两者均可.)

五、表达准确（not awkward）

1.有些词的位置不能随意变换，因为其修饰的对象发生了变化, 会改变句意; 此时应该先看原文是否正确, 如果没问题符合原文即可:

1)only 它必须紧挨着要限制的the word or a group of words; 重要的是判断出only 究竟应该修饰谁,它的合理的位置应该在哪里
        如: OG11, 3

2)even 是adv., 应该放在它所修饰词的紧前面, 即the adverb even must come just before
        它所修饰的词. OG11: 30 (even 在该题中修饰一个名词the strongest businesses)

3)now 是adv., 应该放在be动词之后 OG11: 59E; 实意动词之前 OG11: 71; 83(题干)

4) at once是adv.  OG11: 76BC

5)first是adv.,
        应该放在be动词之后, 实意动词之前   OG11: 86AB(虽然OG没说first的位置问题,但显然这里修饰动词最好.) 石林提到的四个词是否可以变动位置的依据在于变动后修饰关系是否被改变, 句子还是否保持原意.

2. Un-adj. 与not adj. 的区别

Un-adj. is
                    not wrong but not adj. puts greater emphasis on the negative.比如: OG11: 8

3.doing (OG说: it is often awkward)不用在物主代词, 尤其是所有格之后; 而应用其同意名词. OG11: 19

4.划线部分出现新名词要注意其使用是否正确: 如:OG11: 24AB中, describe
        items as
        a method
            是错误的; 而且还要注意数的问题: the singular a method should not refer to the plural
        items. ;50E 中的the fact.

5.被understood的对象(即省略的部分)就必须原封不动前面出现过的形式,否则需要另外写出其正确的形式.OG11: 81(被understood的对象是sell)

6.选项中有时会出现换词或是去掉某个修饰词的情况,使得句意被改变 OG11:104E(nuclear 换成atomic); 105B(quickly被去)

7. “the n1. and n2. are sb1. and sb2.” (n1., n2.都是形容人的职务名词) 不好, 意思表达不清楚;解决办法是将名词形式变为动词谓语的形式.详见OG11:109

8. 有些细处, 要从意思上理解, 判断:OG11, 111“sense of vision”而非
            “baby” could be “rated 20/500”; “an adult”而非
            “vision” could be “deemed legally blind”

9.as if表示
            “好象,似乎”,不能随便加 OG11:115C

六、比较&对比(石林的比较结构)

总原则:比较和对比均需要对称和平行.

平行体现在:1) 主被动前后要一致 OG11: 123C; 2) 位置非常讲究,要求精确 OG11, 130(Parallel structure
                involves not only how parallel elements are formed but also where they are placed in the sentence(即平行的元素应该在对称的位置上出现.): Here adverbs
        (once and
        now) should be placed first,
            followed by verbs
        (have died and
        live), and then by
            prepositional phrases
        (in childhood and
        into old age).3) 句子和短语不算平行 OG11: 123D

比较和对比结构中常用that 指代前面的单数名词; those 指代前面的复数名词.OG11: 10(those)并且二者均只能指代前面出现过的名词,且数上必须一致!如:OG11: 75(those 不能指代civilization,尽管意思上感觉没错; 这点不可疏忽)

比较的几个原则是: 一定要完整; 比较对象要具有可比性;
                前后一样的地方(除谓语动词外)要省略.
                OG11:103(The phrase a heavier load of instruments than the space shuttle
                suggests a comparison between the load of instruments and the shuttle;应该写成: the jumbo rocket will be able to deliver a heavier load ... than the space shuttle can.)(注:can和be able to)

对比的几个原则是:

明确对比是Between 谁and 谁的; (这涉及到关于对象的选取问题, 选项中可能会有这方面的干扰, 如OG11,10是the United States 与
            Japan对比还是
        American unions 与
            Japanese unions在对比? 结合句意, 又比较选项后可以确定选择后者是比较好的, 因为如果是前者, 对比的范围变的非常大, 就与句子要表达的意思不相符合了)
            

对比的对象要对等, 平行 (语法上& 逻辑上). 特殊的结构: OG11,10C ( in Japan 与 in the United States)

对比结构中, 完全一致的部分应当省略.如: OG11: 17中 S. + explains why most of the people exposed to the alleged causes
                do not
                commit crimes and, conversely, why so many of those not so exposed do. (蓝色的部分被省略, because they are understood.) 注意OG11,75DE(flourishing 不是谓语,did 和were都错!)

一) 用与比较的句型、词汇有: 

(一)  x is more than y.
                 OG11,2; 100(Bihar is India's poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than
            that of the most impoverished countries of the world.或者也可以是: Bihar is India's poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, which is lower than it is in the most impoverished countries of the world.注意这种with修饰的结构.) ;OG11, 123:Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.简化后的结构就是: Holland spends more x on y than the United States does on z.值得注意的是:(x) the percentage of gross national product is the point of comparison.(被省略)

注意:1)“自己”一定要被排除在外 OG11: 96;

2)than后面直接跟状语,错.OG11: 100A  (强烈关注反例);

(二)  as many / much as的用法

OG11, 4 : A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation's clergy, twice as many as in 1977.

这题也可以这样写: A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation's clergy, double the figure for 1977. (比较划线处的不同)

OG11, 37: In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. ( OG说This sentence correctly compares the number of Americans killed in two battles.)

OG11,76:
            Never before had taxpayers confronted
            as many
            changes at once as they confronted in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. (OG说This sentence compares changes before and after 1986.)

OG11,85: Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do. (OG: This sentence intends to compare the costs necessary to maintain two kinds of roads)

OG11, 4 : A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation's clergy, twice as many as in 1977.

这题也可以这样写: A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation's clergy, double the figure for 1977. (比较划线处的不同)

OG11, 37: In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. ( OG说This sentence correctly compares the number of Americans killed in two battles.)

OG11,76:
                Never before had taxpayers confronted
                as many
                changes at once as they confronted in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. (OG说This sentence compares changes before and after 1986.)

OG11,85: Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do. (OG: This sentence intends to compare the costs necessary to maintain two kinds of roads)

(三) 其他有关as的用法(大部分属于对比,而非比较)

a)         as 与 like 同出现在选项中, Like 是介词,其后跟短语OG11, 6; 两个名词比较的时候用like OG11:97D 此时as 作 “像” 讲, 是连词,其后必须接有主谓的句子; 故句子和句子进行比较的时候一定用as: “S1V1O1+as+S2V2O2” (各个部分需一一对应) OG11: 73 (According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land
                is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it
            was
            of earlier generations.)(关键在于still一词, 从意思上要求两个状态(句子之间)进行比较.OG: This sentence compares a single goal shared by generations.); 104A; 做这种题的第一要务就是看清as和like后面跟着的成分到底对不对. OG11: 122AB; 125;

b)        as…as 结构:

(1) 在否定句 (not / no)中要变成so…as结构. OG11: 30的讲解;OG11: 76

(2) as…as 中第一个as是adv.;第二个as可做介词或连词;做介词时, 第二个as后的名词或代词应与句子的主语对应 e.g. I haven’t known him as long as you. (我没有你认识他的时间长.) 做连词时, 第二个as后需跟句子,且要求前后对称. OG11: 76DE对比
            两个as之间可以放入两个以上的形容词如:OG11: 112的解释中:“The parallelism makes the sentence easier to understand, which is particularly helpful in a sentence as long and full of phrases as this one is.”; 107的解释中: “…should be as clear and concise as possible”

c)        the same sb./sth.后可接两种:1) that从句 2) as sb./sth.   E.g. His wife had a baby at the same time as Elaine. (注:as 后无谓语) OG11: 26; 75 (as 不可以省略,且as前没有逗号)

d)        just as A do, so B do. ( “so”必须有) OG11:99(对称的含义又有新认识:所有格的形式(’s还是of结构)也需要一致.)

二) 用于对比的句型、词汇有注: 虽然以下这些句型或词汇很规范,但表达对比也可以不用这些句型
            如OG11: 68; 130但是,在句意明显要表达在两个事物之间进行对比时,要有能indicate contrast的words.如130使用了once和now一对明显的表达今夕对比的时间状语.)

1.       用but
                    指明对比的: “S. +V1+O1+ but+ V2+O2” OG11: 9 (体会对比中的对称: be visible与 have never been sighted;(visible is a complement and is parallel to 过去分词sighted.) on the surface of the sun 与on the Sun's poles or equator) (本题是between两个地点 (一个是sunspots被发现的地方, 一个是sunspots没有被发现的地方)
                    之间的对比; 注意: 本题并没有说of 和’s两种结构在这里不对称.)

2.       “Like / Unlike A, B…” 结构的用法:
                最好,最有效的对比是以Like /
            Unlike A开头, 因为这样可以使B和其谓语连在一起; 而非 “B, like / unlike A, …” OG11: 66; 95(注:B选项不对称);97;但也不完全是这样,OG11: 125(使用了“B, like A, …”)要看情况而定; “Like / Unlike A, B…”是首选;没有的话,就选 “B, like / unlike A, …”;其次, B…应该是主动语态
                这种结构并不一定作为正确答案 OG11: 68; 关于A和B对称到何种程度见OG11: 10BC(A,B为主语,则中心词一样即可,修饰语不管;如果为状语,则须完全一致);注意: like / unlike…一般不要出现在句尾 OG11: 104B

3.       Although 既表对比, 又使主句和Although分句的地位变的不平等, 强调了主句的内容. OG11: 15;当although从句的主语和主句主语一致时, 有时会要求对称. OG11:86(不光主谓,强调了时间状语(介词短语)的对称);但有时又不需要: OG11: 15;但although从句的主语和主句主语不一致时,则无所谓:OG11: 1; 90(重点体会remain和主动语态的使用强调了对比);although 和yet只能用其一.(因为yet=but)

4.       表达 “与…不同” 的对比结构 OG11: 16

a)       in contrast with X, Y

b)      in contrast to X, Y

c)      unlike X, Y

5.       and不能表达对比, 但
                “…and, conversely (反过来), …” 可以. OG11: 17 ; “and instead” 可以 OG11: 45 (The economy
                        will avoid ... and
                        instead (will understood) come...)

6.       the same to X as to Y

7.       while 位于句首时,等于although, 引起对比 OG11: 52; while位于句中时,it is used to emphasize the difference between two situations, activities etc.此时前后最好对称,虽然OG没有这么说 OG11: 61;124D while 表达对比的时候均为连词 OG11: 68; 表during the time that something is happening.此时，如果主、从句的逻辑主语一致,则while后可以使用现在分词短语的形式. E.g. They were killed while attempting to reach the summit. OG11: 134(注:这里while除表at the same time外,还表对比.即,:只要从句逻辑主语与主句一致,就可用分词短语,这样符合简洁原则.又如:OG11: 136(划线部分前)).

8.       each + n. 只能和all other +n(s).对比, 即必须将自己排除,也不能each…和each…做比较 OG11: 52BD;

9.       rather than要求前后对称 OG11: 64CE(特指(有the)和泛指不算对称;单复数不统一也不行);125B(注:rather than后面是可以接动词的,即进行两个动作之间的比较. e.g. Bryson decided to quit rather than accept the new rules.)

10.   not…, but rather…要求前后对称(注:结构中有逗号); Rather should be included to emphasize contrast; 可见rather不要去掉.OG11:87

11.   “instead of” “rather than” “unlike”都可以表达对比; “and not”则不行.OG11:104 ( “merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart” 错.)

12.   distinguish between X and Y     (between不可省去)     OG11: 107

七、惯用词组
                         (所有部分应同存同去, 不可只写一半)

a)       Be/ appear reluctant to do sth.   OG11: 10

b)      Be estimated to be + a certain age;  e.g. the tree is estimated to be at least 700 years old.  OG11: 21

c)      Difficult to do sth.

d)      Method for / of doing sth.  OG11: 24

e)       Be in danger of… (注意: have a danger…是错误结构)  OG11: 27(OG说:are in danger is always followed by of.)

f)       Depend on whether…  OG11: 28

g)      Ability to do sth.    OG11: 28DE

h)      Seem to do sth.     (it seems as if + 句子也是正确的)  OG11: 29

i)        Be regarded as…     OG11: 30

j)        Credit X with…/ X be credited with…    (credit 后找with)  OG11: 30

k)      Be believed to do sth.    OG11: 30; 42

l)        X is expected to Y       (It might have been expected to rise.)  OG11: 31

m)    in order to do sth.    OG11: 36

n)      Target at     OG11: 38

o)      The rivalry (that develops) between X and Y / the rivals X and Y (not “against”!) OG11: 40

p)      From…to…        (to前面不能加入诸如up / down之类的词)  OG11: 44

q)      Enable sb. To do sth.     OG11: 49

r)       Require的四种用法: (1) require +宾语; (2) require + that从句+虚拟(不要should) OG11:82  (3) require sb. To do sth.  (4) Sth. (that is) required to do   OG11: 53; 66

s)       Try to do sth. (不定式show purpose or intent)    OG11: 54

t)        Restriction on sth.     OG11: 54

u)      Not only…but also… (要求对称)      OG11: 55

v)      Doubt that… (否定句); doubt whether / if… (其他情况)  e.g. (1) There is no doubt that… (2) I doubt whether he will come. (注意: 这两种用法不论doubt作动词还是名词都成立.)    OG11: 58

w)    As a means to + n. e.g. as a means to greater economic development   OG11: 60

x)      Be allowed to do sth.              OG11: 62

y)      有关食物过敏的两种说法: some food allergy 某种食物过敏an allergy to some food 对某种食物过敏             OG11: 67

z)       attribute的用法
                one attributes X (an effect) to Y (an cause); X(an effect) is attributed to Y (an cause)             OG11: 67

aa)    enough to do sth.            OG11: 70

bb)   Sth. is known to do sth.           E.g. Smoking is known to increase a person's risk of developing lung cancer.           OG11: 71

cc)   Use A as B                OG11: 79

dd)   Required by A / requirement of A      注:两者不可以混用.  OG11: 80

ee)    Order X to be Y / order that X be Y    (注: 第二个结构中无should)    OG11: 92

ff)     Withhold sth. (from sb./sth.)          (译: 拒绝给(sb. / sth.)某事物)    OG11: 93

gg)   Help do sth.                      OG11: 94

hh)   Access to sth. / sw.       (译: 接近或进入某物/某地的方法或通路)  OG11: 98

ii)       Aid in v-ing…                        OG11: 106

jj)       Consider sth1. sth2.     (When
                consider means
                think or
                believe after careful deliberation)       OG11: 115

kk)   Claim +that从句 / claim +to do  (claim还可以直接接n. 作“声称有,具有”之意.OG11: 121C)                        OG11: 121

ll)       From one…to another                   OG11: 122

mm)
                        View X as Y                              OG11: 125

nn)   persuade X to do Y       (注:persuade that…是错误的! OG11: 129E)

oo)   an apprenticeship as a /an+职业名词       e.g. an apprenticeship as a printer  OG11: 135

pp)   begin in…and culminate in…           OG11: 135

be determined by…         OG11: 138

总原则: A modifying phrase must be placed near the word it modifies. OG11: 125C(like的位置使它修饰离它最近的名词)

1) 从句和短语的特征: 从句的特征: Clauses have subjects and verbs and are introduced by conjunctions or relative pronouns; 短语的特征: Phrases do not have subjects and verbs and are frequently introduced by prepositions. (当然不仅仅是介词可以引导,其他成分也可以引导短语.如v-ing.)  OG11: 122的AB选项在第三次做的时候又错了!

2) 双逗号的作用

OG说: “The phrase following 句子主语 is
                    set off by a pair of commas, indicating that it is descriptive information that may be dropped from the sentence; It is not a part of the subject.”(见OG11: 3)
            OG11: 90; 110(OG说: “This sentence requires the addition of commas to prevent misreading. The modifying phrase Vincent van Gogh's view of an iron bridge over the one must be set off in a pair of commas because it describes the subject of the sentence, The Bridge of Trinquetaille. Modifiers that interrupt a sentence are always set off in a pair of commas. Without a comma after Rhone,
                    it is easy to mistake the modifying phrase for the subject of the sentence because the verb immediately follows it.”)同理见OG11: 121(The prepositional phrase should be placed between a pair of commas to show clearly that it is additional information not crucial to understanding the sentence.否则就引起了歧义.)

3) 双重所有格结构 (n. +of +n’s) 一定错 OG11, 4

4) 修饰某名词并且说明其功能的时候, (由于先行词为物, 有时这个说明即定义了该先行词)有两种结构: that 引导的限制性定语从句 (可以结合下面一点理解) OG11: 7 (修饰 network), 18B D (修饰device) v-ing (现在分词) 结构 OG11: 18C (the devices allowing…); 56; 93A

5)引导定语从句的时候,which与that的区别

OG说, “The pronoun which
                introduces nonrestrictive clauses, which include information relevant but not critical to an understanding of the sentence. The pronoun that
                introduces a restrictive clause, which is critical to understanding the sentence because the clause defines its antecedent.” OG11: 7;49DE (that is required here because the clause defines
            programs);64 (process后接that从句);103(本题从句意上判断出应该用非限制性定语从句.); that引导的限制性定语从句在使用时的注意事项: 不能用来修饰一个没有存在过的 (does not yet exist)事物(过去存在过,现在不存在了是可以的) OG11:11B

that一定要紧紧跟在其修饰词后面, 之间不能有任何东西.因为它只对它紧前面的那个名词进行修饰; which
            前必须要有逗号或者介词; 一般也要紧跟在其修饰词后面, 因为如果中间有其他的名词插入, 指代关系就
            becomes unclear
            了.OG11: 9E(“N1.(作主语),…, Vi.+prep.+n2.+修饰语(含有n3), which…”中which指代n3.); which 只能refers to a specific noun, 而不能指代整个句子;OG says, which如果refers vaguely back to everything that has preceded it(即一整句话), which has no clear referent.
            但有些情况,which并不一定符合就近修饰原则: “n1.(作主语)+修饰语(含有名词n2.), which…”中which指代n1.;而
            “n1.(作主语), 修饰语(含有名词n2.), which…”结构中which指代n2.OG11:105AC

that
            不能用来指代整句（同which, it）OG11：49C(“句子; that…”(that在这个位置出现,像是要指代前面的整个句子, 错,that只能specifically 指代一个词,且通常是名词.)); The pronoun which
                can only refer to objects, events, or unnamed animals; it cannot be used to refer to people;  that只能指代物;

6)用形容词还是用副词的问题
            必须要搞清楚句子要表达的原意到底是什么,修饰对象应该是谁,这样才能决定到底是用adj.还是adv. 如:OG11: 8 (correspondingly & corresponding); 12; 59D(current & currently); 60BD. 另外: OG: Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs.
            

7)现在分词与过去分词

现在分词强调一种进行中的 (on-going)动作; 过去分词强调的是一种已经完成的状态, 而非该动作. OG11: 8D (Rising inventories & increased sales);108(OG说: The process of being converted does not need to be shown since undergoing already contains the idea of process.)

现在分词做状语修饰一个句子的主语时, 是一种
            “describing or extending” 的作用,即使前面有表示转折意义的连词时,也不表达转折的含义.OG11: 15A

OG说：过分refers to something that happened in the past, while 现分
                refers to something that continues into the present.(有点像中文的说法: 过分表完成; 现分表进行) OG11: 39 (对过分的选项,OG说
                “Extended looks parallel to spawned, but this phrase would mean that the fungus extended only in the past when the fungus clearly lives on in the present.”; 这一题仔细体会,注意有时间状语.)

8)不定式 (to do sth.):
            表目的(= in order to)  OG11:11(与 “for doing” 同时出现); 63; 94(这里:表目的还是表功能,要区别清楚; 出现两次); 101(与
            “v-ing”同时出现,这里不定式的使用要理解一下); 注:现在分词也能表目的 OG11: 24

9)一个动词有其对应的名词，则其动名词形式不存在.

10)分词后不能跟短语 (Phrase), 应该使用介词OG11: 12 (following / after);但介词后不可再接其他的介词OG11: 10C

11)现在分词(v-ing)与动名词(doing)的区别

     v-ing 用副词来修饰,偏重动词词性; doing 用形容词来修饰,具有名词性质.  OG11: 12C; 119

     v-ing 可以有自己的宾语,引导一个短语 OG11: 27; 117A; doing则不能.OG11: 119

     V-ing有时可很容易转化成doing OG11:117(the是两者区别的重要标志之一);OG11: 132(a是两者区别的标志之一)

12)分词的使用

总原则:
            使用分词时,一定要注意其逻辑主语的问题.

判断逻辑主语正确与否的方法: 在分词之前加上that (who) be 而生成一个定语从句, 将其与最靠近的名词连接起来看看是否符合句意, 不符合就是错的. 如: OG11: 20A 变化后如下: Scholars, who are based on accounts of various ancient writers, have painted a sketchy picture… 明显是不对的. Base 应该用其主动语态.又如OG11,102D; 135(既有现分,又有过分.);

现分和过分共同的用法: (1)位于句首,修饰紧跟在短语后的名词 OG11:109AB(尤其是B,即使有同位语也一点都不含糊); (2)可以作后置定语,修饰一个名词,但此时过去分词短语前不能有逗号 OG11: 21(unearthed…and estimated…); 105(注意简单句中两个分词短语同时修饰主语的放置位置问题；注意called…和developed…的位置);

现在分词的用法: (1)现在分词可以修饰一个句子.这时,v-ing前面必须得有逗号将它和所修饰的句子隔开.如:用在表示前面一句话对后面的影响的句子中.其他情况:OG11: 101A(If the participial phrase were to modify the previous clause, a comma would have to be inserted between combine and allowing.);(2) 位于句末时,如果分词前面有逗号,则作状语,修饰其所在句子的主语(即如果分词恰在一个从句中,则修饰从句的主语) OG11: 79E (The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when
            Athens was taken by General Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, establishing a mosque in the building and using the Acropolis as a
                    fortress.)(蓝色部分有修饰关系);再看79D也是(using the Acropolis…修饰who); (3)虽然是介词短语里的名词,v-ing还是可以修饰它.且v-ing前有逗号时是可以修饰名词的.如OG11:102B; (4)两个有共同修饰对象的现在分词短语可以放在一起,而不产生歧义.如OG11:108(共同修饰对象为tenants); (5)现在分词前没有逗号的情况 OG11: 98(虽然此时having紧前面有名词,但OG说: having is
                        ambiguous because it is unclear whether it refers to the Anasazi or other clans.可见,没有就近修饰的必然性); 113C(待深入研究); (6)现在分词做名词修饰语,主要做后置修饰语;这种v-ing分句通常相当于一个关系分句(如: which… / who…); (7)v-ing不是插入成分时,前面应紧挨它所修饰的名词,没有逗号隔开;反之,则用双逗号.e.g.1) I have a friend living in London. 2) The apple tree, swaying gently in the breeze, had a good crop of food.

过去分词的用法: 1)在句末,且前面有逗号,修饰句子的主语. OG11: 3

13)A of B, v-ing短语.则v-ing短语修饰A 如:OG11: 24

14)分词和to do的区别: 两者都可用做形容词修饰名词, 如OG11: 20(分词的例子); 但不定式结构修饰名词只能位于被修饰的名词中心词之后,且两者之间不能有逗号. 如OG11: 24 E; 78(句首);

15)两个名词连用时, 要留心: 根本就是错误的堆放 OG11:27D 前一个名词修饰后一个名词; 但这时也要考虑会不会造成歧异?OG11: 72(the wheel or animal transport应为animal transport or the wheel); 98(water access);101(ocean and atmosphere changes(正确答案中使用了changes in ocean and atmosphere));126(timber wolf density有指这种狼自身密度的嫌疑,这种狼的数量密度的表达方法: the density of the timber wolf population) “n1.+n2.”就一定不如
                        “n1.+介词+n2.”的结构吗? (找到了反例:OG11: 88 an increase of 55 percent没有a 55 percent increase好)

14)分词和to do的区别: 两者都可用做形容词修饰名词, 如OG11: 20(分词的例子); 但不定式结构修饰名词只能位于被修饰的名词中心词之后,且两者之间不能有逗号. 如OG11: 24 E; 78(句首);

15)两个名词连用时, 要留心: 根本就是错误的堆放 OG11:27D 前一个名词修饰后一个名词; 但这时也要考虑会不会造成歧异?OG11: 72(the wheel or animal transport应为animal transport or the wheel); 98(water access);101(ocean and atmosphere changes(正确答案中使用了changes in ocean and atmosphere));126(timber wolf density有指这种狼自身密度的嫌疑,这种狼的数量密度的表达方法: the density of the timber wolf population) “n1.+n2.”就一定不如
                “n1.+介词+n2.”的结构吗? (找到了反例:OG11: 88 an increase of 55 percent没有a 55 percent increase好)

21)“adj. n1. and n2.”(adj.同时修饰两个名词) ;“n1. and  n2. of…”(of 只修饰n2); “n1. and n2. that are…”(that 修饰两个名词)是可以的 OG11:80(costly
                irrigation
                and
                application
                of commercial fertilizer that were required by…) (似乎这里讨论的三点都需要从意思上判断, 而非简单地从形式上就可以解决) (强烈关注反例)

22)including是介词.OG11: 89A; 100E; according to也是preposition. OG11: 45; 73

23)定语从句中的that be, which be要省去.可以变成形容词作后置定语的情况: OG11: 30(equal to…); 34(available to…); 54B(able to…), D(capable of…); 68(willing to…); 100E(which is应该去掉.)

24)主谓之间不能插入过多的修饰语(两个插入语就多了), 否则these modifiers will create too much separation between the subject and the verb. OG11: 102A 解决的办法是将主语放到修饰语后面,与谓语连接起来, for a stronger main clause,同时将前面修饰语联系起来.如OG11:102C (OG说: the use of which clearly
                    links the two elements.)可以验证:在第一部分
            “主谓一致”里,很多题目虽然主谓之间插入的内容很多,但是没有超过一个插入语的,即使有再多的信息也要找出联系,将其合并成一个插入部分.

25)在一个简单句中,主语之前出现的修饰短语最多不能超过一个 OG11:105B (OG
            说: Placement of two long modifiers at the beginning of the sentence is awkward and makes it difficult to locate the subject; 而且会造成修饰混乱: 105中the second modifier (having...) actually modifies the first modifier.)

26)without后面不可以接物主代词 OG11:107(their); without 后可以接现在分词(OG11,107)和名词

27)对hypothesis, theory, finding, research....进行描述, 如果描述的部分很长, 应该使用that从句引导一个同位语从句; 而不用of结构. OG11: 114C

28)向“be able to”结构插入短语的位置见OG11:121D

29)分词的省略结构:
            介词+分词 OG11: 12; 60(题干); 67 连词+现在分词 OG11: 29(题干中)

30)修饰语的位置很有讲究 OG11: 13E(状语)

31) 同位语的使用: 位于句首OG11: 72;位于句中 OG11: 74(题干); 110 ;位于句末OG11: 18BC; 75;

32)及物动词和其宾语之间不要接入(而非插入)其他成分  OG11: 44(接入了宾补: The original sentence is awkward because the verb reduced is followed by a prepositional phrase rather than the direct object time. Changing this structure so that the object immediately follows the verb, reduced the time.)

九、逻辑正确、清晰

1.有些选项具有干扰作用,需要从逻辑的角度判断.

1)OG11: 15 由primarily
            判断出逻辑意思上需要对比, 而非extension; 且是一种有所侧重的对比, 应该使用让步状语从句 ( Although A, B…).

2)OG11: 38:由于specifically (特别地,明确地)的存在,
            Logic requires that each antibody is meant to deal individually with an invading microbe or foreign substance.

3) OG11: 39 划线前有and, 但前面的动词很多,究竟和哪个对称? “Be the largest and oldest” 作了提示, 从逻辑的角度看, 后面不能只说old 方面.

4) OG11: 43 是因为eagles 做的那件事或者那个动作产生了什么后果,而非它们自己本身所至. 同Florida那道题一样.

5) OG11: 52 contrast the similar situation of all states
                with the
                    varying conditions of each state. (对比要符合逻辑)

6)分词的逻辑主语一定要分析清楚,要符合逻辑,这是一大考点.    OG11: 67ACE

7) 其他逻辑问题: OG11: 61B

十、简洁（not wordy, not redundant）

(1)选用一个的pairs有

previously \ in the past OG11: 5;decline \ down OG11: 12; attempt \ try OG11: 19 enable sb. to do \

; OG11: 49 now \ currently (now is an adv.) OG11: 59; amount (v.)\ sum (n.) OG11: 77 can do 比have the capability to do 好 OG11: 28; can do 比have the ability to do好OG11:105D; be able to do不如can(同时出现的情况下)OG11: 94;be able to比have the ability to do好 OG11:121 annual / a year(这种在一个句子中两者会离得比较远,不易看出,多注意.OG11:120)
            regain(to get something back, especially an ability or quality, that you have lost) / again  OG11: 136

(2)some other one不如another OG11: 122

(3)比较结构中,表示 “两倍”,two times不如twice好,即用twice as…as OG11: 128

(4)表“曾经”once比at one time好. OG11:130

(5)n. +that is + adj.不如 a adj. n.OG11:67C; 69D

(6) “To sb., …his / her…”和
            “ For sb., …his / her…”都redundant and awkward.  OG11: 46;

十一、措辞精确

总原则: GMAT题目中的用法都属书面语用法.  

1.Perhaps 比maybe要正式(两者都是副词);OG11: 2; 但perhaps不能和may be做比较, 因为后者是动词

2.double 的用法: 1) a number or a figure can be doubled.OG11: 4; 2)主要考点在于与twice的区别: double一般不做adv.用,做adj.用;twice是adv. OG11: 128

3.when 和 if 的区别

When indicates a period of time; if indicates a condition
            就要看具体情况到底哪个更符合句意, 即是要refer to a condition (用if)
            还是refer to a period of time (用when)? ( OG11: 8)
            

4.情态动词的使用

“can+动词原形”
                indicates a possibility that continues.
            这个点可与动词的时态混在一起, 考点即为时态是否正确 OG11: 8C;

5.declension (n.)现在已经不用了, 而用decline (n.) OG11: 12

6.since 与after 的区别: 关键是要理解since的含义: Since emphasizes the continuity of the action; 而after则没有这层含义.(注意: 并不是一定在考察现在完成时的题目中才会考察两者的区别; 只有since后接时间时,才用现在完成时.OG11: 13

7.Of all至于句首: “Of all…, A is/was …”结构
            要用形容词的最高级.OG11: 2; 23

8.probably 比
                maybe 要好 OG11: 23 OG说, “ Maybe must be replaced by probably.”

9.划线在全句的第二部分,并且The second part of the sentence explains the first的时候, The clearest and most direct way of showing the relationship between the two parts of the sentence is to use because to introduce a subordinate clause. 即: Using because to introduce a subordinate clause is the best way to show the effect-cause relation of the two parts.还可以用for, for 在表示原因的时候是连词;而不用on account of, because of , in that等结构.OG11: 25; 51

11.adj.优于抽象名词 OG11: 33 (debilitating > debilitation)  (强烈关注反例)

12.动词是最优的.理由之一: 词性的变化有可能带来含义上的变化、或由于含义的拓宽而带来歧义等问题, 动词最原始,最好OG11: 55;理由之二: 很多含有名词的短语都可以用其对应的简短的动词代替 OG11: 24D(a protection of); 29E(an indication of); 34C(make a reduction in)E(be in a reduction of); 68E; 83(此时不用动词不能正确表达意思);120(名词的使用需要后接介词短语,换成动词以后,只需要接直接宾语就行了.OG认为这么样好.); 133E(in / with reference to sth.); 存在反例: OG11, 50CD(可见 “for v-ing”也有作为正确答案的时候); 112CE为动词,但还是选择了使用名词形式的A!

13.无论是嫁还是娶, marry 一般不用作被动.OG11: 36; marriage to sb.译为:和sb.的婚姻 OG11: 36(题干); 125D

14.in order that后应该用may / might; 而不用would.OG11: 36E

15.seeming / seemingly二者挑后者,修饰adj. OG11: 38 (seemingly)  (强烈关注反例)

16.GMAC推荐顺序,不喜欢倒序: OG11: 46C (inversion of the expected word order倒序导致awkward.) 50A(OG说: the inverted construction often results in errors such as those found here. In the original sentence, the subordinate clause that ... technology is followed by the main verb, can ... be said, but then the verb is followed by yet another subordinate clause, that it is their fault. 即:That…(从句) +can…be said + that…(从句). 造成了错误的结构.); 50D(the inverted construction does not successfully convey the meaning of the sentence.); 57E; 120D; 131AC当然解决办法就是改为expected order.

17.“be to do” / “be going to” is wordy. 应该直接用will be.   OG11: 54A

18.act like的意思是
                    behave or comport oneself 是用来describes the action of a
                    person.只有人才可以act like…如: He acted like a fool. 而act as是用来
                    describes the function of a thing;

19.A body belongs to a man, but not be a man.      OG11: 58

20.当只有两种可能性的时候,用whether 而非if OG11: 63; 94C; 108; whether的用法:可用于从句或不定式之前以表达或意含两者之间的选择; 用从句还是不定式取决于whether后从句的主语:如果从句主语和主句的一致, 则用不定式; 反之用从句. e.g.1) She was uncertain whether to stay or leave.2) I didn't know whether to believe him. 3) Maurice asked me whether I needed any help. OG11: 108(不定式)

21.一个term 只能refer to sth.而不能 is sth.并且, refer to后的sth.必为一个泛指单数名词或代词,后跟限定性定语从句.OG11:64(sth.为a process); 133(sth.为someone(“used to mean a person, when you do not know, or do not say, who the person is”时是代词); OG说: The intent of the sentence is to define the term "psychopath.” Logically, an inanimate(无生命的) term cannot be a person or someone.
                    The plural people should be singular: a person or an individual)

22.leave 在口语中可以有let(让)的意思; leave 在意为
                    “许可,同意”(let (v.)也有这个意思)时只有名词,没有动词用法.        OG11: 64

23.sb. / sth. Be know as sth.的用法:

1) 表 “认定 sb. / sth. 为某事物”

e.g. It’s known as the most dangerous part of the city.

2) 表
                        “将 sb. / sth. 称为,起绰号叫做或标明为sth.”