一篇规范的议论文包括三个要素----论点、论据和论证。论点通常可以理解为作者的观点或者结论，论据是作者用来证明论点的素材（证据），而论证则可以理解为推理的逻辑过程。所以，驳论型的文章最基本的方法也就有驳论点、驳论据以及驳论证。一个逻辑题通常可以看做一篇简单的议论文，三要素分别对应conclusion、evidence 和line of the reasoning；所以我们要反驳（weaken）它也就可以用上述方法：1）weaken它的conclusion，比如说如果这个结论真的正确，那么会有什么样的矛盾就会出现（或者说会危及相关主体的某个方面等等----典型的比如说，降工资会打击员工积极性从而降低生产效率）；2）weaken它的evidence，即可能evidence是不准确的，或者说是不充分的等等；3）weaken 推理过程（line of the reasoning），最典型的就是两者时间上先后关系但并不一定构成因果或者A、B谁是因谁是果的问题等等。下面分别举几个例子：
1．驳论点（weakening the conclusion）
(OG10) 31. Some who favor putting governmental enterprises into private hands suggest that conservation objectives would in general be better served if private environmental groups were put in charge of operating and financing the national park system, which is now run by the government.
先提炼出这段话用什么evidence得出了怎样的conclusion
Putting national part system in the charge of private environmental group（论据）àthe system will be better served（论点）
然后对照选项分别与这个line的哪个要素（conclusion、evidence还是reasoning）对应，如果都无关直接pass，如果与其中一个要素有关，再分析是起什么作用。
Which of the following, assuming that it is a realistic possibility, argues most strongly against the suggestion above?
A. Those seeking to abolish all restrictions on exploiting the natural resources of the parks might join the private environmental groups as members and eventually take over their leadership.直接weaken结论（conclusion）。Correct
B. Private environmental groups might not always agree on the best ways to achieve conservation objectives. 跟论据有点关系，但是不能weaken到整个推理
C. If they wished to extend the park system, the private environmental groups might have to seek contributions from major donors and general public.无关
D. There might be competition among private environmental groups for control of certain park areas.跟B答案类似A
E. Some endangered species, such as the California condor, might die out despite the best efforts of the private environmental groups, even if those groups are not hampered by insufficient resources.无关
（OG10）18. A proposed ordinance requires the installation in new homes of sprinklers automatically triggered by the presence of a fire. However, a home builder argued that because more than ninety percent of residential fires are extinguished by a household member, residential sprinklers would only marginally decrease property damage caused by residential fires.
提炼文章信息：提炼的时候要注意题目的问法，weaken the home builder’s argument, 所以可以不用太关注题目的第一句话（很多时候类似的信息需要适当忽略以提高做题效率）。
More than ninety percent of residential fires are extinguished by argued that memberàresidential sprinklers would only marginally decrease property damage caused by residential fires.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the home builder’s argument?
A. most individuals have no formal training in how to extinguish fires. 无关
B. Since new homes are only a tiny percentage of available housing in the city, the new ordinance would beextremely narrow in scope. support而不是weaken
C. The installation of smoke detectors in new residences costs significantly less than the installation of sprinklers. cost 无关
D. In the city where the ordinance was proposed, the average time required by the fire department to respond to a fire was less than the national average.无关E
E. The largest proportion of property damage that results from residential fires is caused by fires that start when no household member is present. 正好weaken了结论，因为并不是marginally decrease property damage.Correct
2．驳论据（weakening the evidence）
（OG10）43. With the emergence of biotechnology companies, it was feared that they would impose silence about proprietary results on their in–house researchers and their academic consultants. This constraint, in turn, would slow the development of biological science and engineering.
Biotechnology companies would impose silence about proprietary results on their in-house researchers and their academic consultantsàthe development of biological science will be influenced.
Which of the following, if true, would tend to weaken most seriously the prediction of scientific secrecy described above?
A. Biotechnological research funded by industry has reached some conclusions that are of major scientific importance. 加强了论据，支持结论.不选
B. When the results of scientific research are kept secret, independent researchers are unable to build on those results. 加强了论据
C. Since the research priorities of biotechnology companies are not the same as those of academic institutions, the financial support of research by such companies distorts the research agenda. 无关
D. to enhance the companies’ standing in the scientific community, the biotechnology companies encourage employees to publish their results, especially results that are important. companies没有动机这样做，weaken了论据。CorrectD
E. Biotechnology companies devote some of their research resources to problems that are of fundamental scientific importance and that are not expected to produce immediate practical applications. 跟论据有关，但是对结论没有weaken作用。
(OG10)12. The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services; and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. Therefore, if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements, overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions.
Evidences: 1) the number of lawyers who advertise their services will increase as the restrictions decrease; 2) the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less
Conclusion: removing any of the restrictions will make the overall consumers costs lower.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument concerning overall consumer legal costs?
A. The state has recently removed some other restrictions that had limited the advertising of legal services. 无关
B. The state is unlikely to remove all of the restrictions that apply solely to the advertising of legal services. 对conclusion起不到weaken作用。注意：有时候类似的选项会故意加强某个条件，然后得出一个结论，这种选项一般不选。
C. Lawyers who do not advertise generally provide legal services of the same quality as those provided by lawyers who do advertise. 无关
D. Most lawyers who now specify fee arrangements in their advertisements would continue to do so even if the specification were not required. 无关 E
E. Most lawyers who advertise specific services do not lower their fees for those services when they begin to advertise. Weaken 论据2）。Correct
3．驳论证（weakening the line of the reasoning）
(OG10) 41. Since the mayor’s publicity campaign for Greenville
’s bus service began six months ago, morning automobile traffic into the midtown area of the city has decreased seven percent. During the same period, there has been an equivalent rise in the number of persons riding buses into the midtown area. Obviously, the mayor’s publicity campaign has convinced many people to leave their cars at home and ride the bus to work.
Traffic into the midtown area has decreased seven percent and there has been an equivalent rise in the number of persons riding busesà the mayor’s publicity campaign has come into effect
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
A. Fares for all bus routes in Greenville
have risen an average of five percent during the past six months. 无关。（如果fares increase是campaign的内容，则支持了结论）
B. The mayor of Greenville
rides the bus to City Hall in the city’s midtown area.无关
reconstruction has greatly reduced the number of lanes available to commuters in major streets leading to the midtown area during the past six months.
可以将这类反驳称为“驳论证”（即这种推理方法是有问题的）----两件事情虽然在时间上具有巧合性，但是并不一定能构成因果关系，因为可能有其他原因造成这样的结果。
D. The number of buses entering the midtown area of Greenville
during the morning hours is exactly the same now as it was one year ago. 无关，因为文中比的是percentC
E. Surveys show that longtime bus riders are no more satisfied with the Greenville
bus service than they were before the mayor’s publicity campaign began.无关
从我这几天的做题来看，这三种方法可以用于解决大部分weaken题，辅以一定量的练习也许可以提高对逻辑题的分析能力（因为我也是刚开始在试着用这种方法）。但是我一直以来都认为其实逻辑题归根到底最重要的还是需要提炼信息的能力。
另外有时候似乎到底是weaken论据的还是论点，抑或推理方法其实是没有明确的界限的。比如说，一个选项可以说它是weaken论据（攻击论据的不充分型），从另一个角度看也可以说是weaken了推理方法，因为可以说是其他原因也可能造成类似的结论。但是，只要最终能选出正确的选项就好。
关于assumption题以及其他类型的逻辑题是否可以用类似的方法做题还不知道，但是有一点可以确定的是我们可以从论点、论据和论证这三个方面思考和分析所有的逻辑题目。
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发表于 2010-5-25 09:15:10
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