《杨继 GMAT阅读精选》第19篇

这篇文章我做得差极了，研究了两遍还是觉得不得其法，整个的一篇糊涂，

大虾能不能帮我讲讲题目啊，8道题目都不大懂。谢谢了~

哎，这篇文章中我的问题太多了，简直没办法分开问，先这样发帖子了，希望斑竹理解偶啊~~

PASSAGE 19
* In contrast to traditional analyses of minority busi-ness, the sociological analysis contends that minoritybusiness ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for
5) its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to
10) dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner's ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs,consist of "primary" institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs.
15) They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger "secondary " institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions
20) comprising the support network include kinship, peer,and neighborhood or community subgroups.
* A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and
25) ethnic community resources for investment capital .Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entirefamily and are thus a product of long-term family finan-cial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives.
30) forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not neces-sarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain finan-cial backing from commercial resources. They may actu-
35) ally avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.
*Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit
40) associations have been used to raise capital. These asso-ciations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contri-butions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New
45)York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds.
50) Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts.The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nine-teenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung
55) from Black churches. Black banks made limited invest-ments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan asso-ciations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They. in turn, provided work for many Irish
60) home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.

问题

1. Based on the information in the passage. it would beLEAST likely for which of the following persons to bepart of a self-help network?
(A) The entrepreneur's childhood friend
(B) The entrepreneur's aunt
(C) The entrepreneur's religious leader
(D) The entrepreneur's neighbor
(E) The entrepreneur's banker

2. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as such networks are describedin the passage?
(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keepingand accounting as part of its open-enrollment adulteducation program.
(B) The local government in a small city sets up aprogram that helps teen-agers find summer jobs.
(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loansto experienced individuals who hope to establishtheir own businesses.
(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organizationdevelops a program of on-the-job training for itsmembers and their friends.
(E) A community college offers country residentstraining programs that can lead to certification in avariety of technical trades.

3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passageabout rotating credit associations?
(A) They were developed exclusively by Chineseimmigrants.
(B) They accounted for a significant portion of theinvestment capital used by Chinese immigrants inNew York in the early twentieth century.
(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant groupwho started businesses in the 1920's would havebeen unlikely to rely on them.
(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by membersof two or three different ethnic groups.
(E) Recent immigrants still frequently turn to rotatingcredit associations instead of banks for investmentcapital.

4. The passage best supports which of the followingstatements?
(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance fromfamily members would not be able to start abusiness.
(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helpingentrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years.
(C) Minority groups have developed a range ofalternatives to standard financing of businessventures.
(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnicgroups owe their success to their unique formalorganization.
(E) Successful minority-owned businesses succeedprimarily because of the personal strengths of theirfounders.

5. Which of the following best describes the organizationof the second paragraph?
(A) An argument is delineated, followed by acounterargument.
(B) An assertion is made and several examples areprovided to illustrate it.
(C) A situation is described and its historicalbackground is then outlined.
(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is thenused as a basis for general conclusions.
(E) A group of parallel incidents is described and thedistinctions among the incidents are then clarified.

6. According to the passage, once a minority-ownedbusiness is established, self-help networks contributewhich of the following to that business?
(A) Information regarding possible expansion of thebusiness into nearby communities
(B) Encouragement of a business climate that is nearlyfree of direct competition
(C) Opportunities for the business owner to reinvestprofits in other minority-owned businesses
(D) Contact with people who are likely to be customersof the new business
(E) Contact with minority entrepreneurs who aremembers of other ethnic groups

7. It can be inferred from the passage that traditionalanalyses of minority business would be LEAST likelyto do which of the following?
(A) Examine businesses primarily in their socialcontexts
(B) Focus on current, rather than historical, examplesof business enterprises
(C) Stress common experiences of individualentrepreneurs in starting businesses
(D) Focus on the maintenance of businesses, ratherthan means of starting them
(E) Focus on the role of individual entrepreneurs instarting a business

8. Which of the following can be inferred from thepassage about the Irish building and loanassociations mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A) They were started by third-or fourth-generationimmigrants.
(B) They originated as offshoots of church-relatedgroups.
(C) They frequently helped Irish entrepreneurs tofinance business not connected with construction.
(D) They contributed to the employment of many Irishconstruction workers.
(E) They provided assistance for construction businessesowned by members of other ethnic groups.

大虾们重点和我说说第2、3、4、6、7这几道题吧，我真不明白该怎么做，没思路。

谢谢啊！！！