分析阅读63篇中第23篇

看了mumuwa的阅读技巧很受启发，自己练习着分析一篇文章，果然思路清晰许多。。。特别是细节定位题，之前我都按照读一遍下来的印象做的，很少回文章定位。。。下面理解不对的地方还请指出

At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without (from without: 从...外面). In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.

第一段提出了一个对印第安文化的研究方法-hear life stories, 之后解释了为什么采用这个方法的两个原因（略读

There were, however,
                arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.

However出现，文章转折，新观点出现-liminations of the above method。eg后略读，作者借FB,RP指出

Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research (field research: 实际教学, 现场调查研究) on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories.

Even more importantly,说明第三段延续上一段的内容，进一步指出liminations并解释原因，eg, cannot communicated in English & Editors to decide what elements are significant by their own judgements, Indeed后可略读

Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.

Dispite all of this (个人理解this指以上的liminations)，让步语气，作者观点在转折后（即后半句），a useful tool,表明作者总体观点-认同

(A) The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled.

(B) The validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared.

(C) The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed.

(D) The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are discussed.（D）

(E) A research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for its adaptation to other subject areas are discussed.

ABC提到两种methods不正确，文章从头到尾只评论一种方法-hear life stories；E选项，adaptation to other subject areas未提及

2.    Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?

(A) A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence.

(B) A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock’s value.

(C) A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.

(D) A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert.（C）

(E) A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.

类推题目，抓比较之间的本质联系：对不熟悉领域的研究，

3.    According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because

(A) life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who are not members of that culture

(B) life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations

(C) ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose

(D) life stories make it easy to distinguish between the important and unimportant features of a culture（A）

(E) the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator

usefel methodology定位a useful tool,,,最后一段，黄色, the working of the mind 对应 deeper insights; any amount of speculation 对应 hypothesizing of academics

4.    Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?

(A) Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theory

(B) Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant

(C) Translating the informant’s words into the researcher’s language

(D) Reducing the number of questions and carefully specifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informant（E）

(E) Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator’s personal opinion about its intrinsic value

editing the life stories定位 Editor.......直到indeed之前，Native Americans recognzited the event that they thought significant are ofen deemed unimportant by their interviewers.此句对应bias，而题目中文如何eliminate bias即对此句取非，即interviwers要报告all information而不能主观判断，选项E

5.    The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to  作者态度题，正反两面评论一个method

(A) question an explanation

(B) correct a misconception

(C) critique (transitive verb REVIEW, CRITICIZE) a methodology

(D) discredit an idea（C）

(E) clarify an ambiguity

6.    It can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on Native Americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the following?

   (A) Investigators familiar with the culture under study  unfarmiliar

(B) A language other than the informant’s for recording life stories

(C) Life stories as the ethnologist’s primary source of information  文中为说是primary source

(D) Complete transcriptions of informants’ descriptions of tribal beliefs（B）最后一段指明 icomplete as they may be

(E) Stringent guidelines for the preservation of cultural data

(answer: they were after linguistic or anthropological data)

and "Native American recognized that the essiential of their lives could not be communicated in English

7.    The passage mentions which of the following as a factor that can affect the accuracy of ethnologists’ transcriptions of life stories?

(A) The informants’ social standing within the culture   未提到social standing

(B) The inclusiveness of the theory that provided the basis for the research  未提到inconclusive of the method

(C) The length of time the researchers spent in the culture under study

(D) The number of life stories collected by the researchers（C）

(E) The verifiability of the information provided by the research informants

定位“RP cotended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing

8.    It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the usefulness of life stories as a source of ethnographic information?

(A) They can be a source of information about how people in a culture view the world.

(B) They are most useful as a source of linguistic information.

(C) They require editing and interpretation before they can be useful.

(D) They are most useful as a source of information about ancestry.（A）

(E) They provide incidental information rather than significant insights into a way of life.

usefullness仍然定位最后一段，a useful tool.... throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions 对应how people in a culture view the world