请教数道lsat题目，谢谢。

doris_tt · 发表于 2003-8-4 21:39:00

最近在作LSAT逻辑，有些问题是怎么想都想不通，看到CD上这么多热心的牛人，真是高兴，可算找到组织了：）
以下是这两天做的题中有迷惑的，希望各位热心考友帮帮小妹。
22. It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children’s hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate
答案(A)
这道题，隐约能猜出来答案，但是题干怎么都看不懂，看懂的朋友能不能解释一下题干的意思和题干里面所描述的逻辑错误的重点。

23. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one’s time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one’s rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one’s heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one’s career falter at certain times of the year
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one’s personal concerns stand in the way of professional success
(B)
这道题我在A和B之间徘徊，最后选了A，觉得A和B之间差别不大，但好像A更加贴切一点，望指教。
11. “If the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction,” said the biologist.
“So all that is needed to save the koala is to stop deforestation,” said the politician.
Which one of the following statements is consistent with the biologist’s claim but not with the politician’s claim?
(A) Deforestation continues and the koala becomes extinct.
(B) Deforestation is stopped and the koala becomes extinct.
(C) Reforestation begins and the koala survives.
(D) Deforestation is slowed and the koala survives.
(E) Deforestation is slowed and the koala approaches extinction
(B)
这道题题目问说和生物学家的观点一致，和政客的观点不一致，可是答案中确实和政客观点不一致，可是也没有和生物学家观点一致阿，望指教。

12. “Though they soon will, patients should not have a legal right to see their medical records. As a doctor, I see two reasons for this. First, giving them access will be time-wasting because it will significantly reduce the amount of time that medical staff can spend on more important duties, by forcing them to retrieve and return files. Second, if my experience is anything to go by, no patients are going to ask for access to their records anyway.”
12Which one of the following, if true, establishes that the doctor’s second reason does not cancel out the first?
(A) The new law will require that doctors, when seeing a patient in their office, must be ready to produce the patient’s records immediately, not just ready to retrieve them.
(B) The task of retrieving and returning files would fall to the lowest-paid member of a doctor’s office staff.
(C) Any patients who asked to see their medical records would also insist on having details they did not understand explained to them.
(D) The new law does not rule out that doctors may charge patients for extra expenses incurred specifically in order to comply with the new law.
(E) Some doctors have all allowing their patients access to their medical records, but those doctors’ patients took no advantage of this policy.
(A)

这道题也是没有读懂题目，什么叫做医生的第一个理由不能抵消第二个理由？埃，弱阿弱阿，牛人快来指教。

22. In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their fathers made pie dough together using rolling pins and other utensils. Each father-son pair used a rolling pin that was distinctively different from those used by the other, "father-son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase "rolling pin" each time his son used it. But when the children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling pins, each child picked only the one that he had used.
Which one of the following inferences is most supported by the information above?
(A) the children did not grasp the function of rolling pin.
(B) No two children understood the name "rolling pin" to apply to the same object
(C) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape.
(D) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used.
(E) The children were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins
（B）
这道题没有看明白答案选项的意思。可能选项中漏了 year old, 可是还是想不明白，不明白阿不明白。

23. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By contrast. of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of people is tested for cocaine use. the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine.
A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument
(A) attempts to infer a value judgment from purely factual premises.
(B) attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population.
(C) fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine.
(D) ignores the fact that some cocaine users do not test positive.
(E) advocates testing people for cocaine use when there is no reason to suspect that they have used cocaine.
（E）
这道题我斗胆怀疑是答案错了，我选是B，各位以为那？

wdzc · 发表于 2003-8-5 03:36:00

22.作inferences 题型时,所选答案是原文能推倒出来的.
A,C是无关选项，因为A中的function, C中的(shape)没有提到过.
D,out of scope,原文只是说小孩identify 了rolling pins ,而不是utensils .
E是混淆选项,没有说小孩不能区别the rolling pins from other rolling pins.

23.我选C.

prince · 发表于 2003-8-5 09:15:00

前面几题已经讨论过。仔细找找。
22 父亲告诉孩子这是rolling pin（repeated the phrase "rolling pin" each time）when they play together。但最后把几个"rolling pin" 和kitchen utensils放在一起，叫孩子选择rolling pin，但孩子只是选择他使用过的，而不是任何一个rolling pin，说明孩子没有理解这个短语的意思也！
23
这题推理错误是从两组人中的比例来代表所有的人的比例。可以从生活中想象。

假如100个在没有发烧人中测体温，超过38度5个，假如100个发烧人中测体温，99超过38度。难道可以得出大部分人体温超过38度？！

doris_tt · 发表于 2003-8-5 11:12:00

谢谢！
另外，前面的回答我看了，可是下面几题还是不太明白，望高手指教。
另，上面那位mm对于最后一道题选c,可是我看c的意思是作者没有考虑总人口中哪一部分吸食可卡因。根题干好像关系少少：（
prince对于最后一道题的解释非常好，可是好像没和题目中那个选项符合，我太愚笨，抱歉，请指教，到底选那个？

1. It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children’s hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate
答案(A)
这道题，隐约能猜出来答案，但是题干怎么都看不懂，看懂的朋友能不能解释一下题干的意思和题干里面所描述的逻辑错误的重点。

2. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one’s time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one’s rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one’s heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one’s career falter at certain times of the year
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one’s personal concerns stand in the way of professional success
(B)
这道题我在A和B之间徘徊，最后选了A，觉得A和B之间差别不大，但好像A更加贴切一点，望指教。

3. “Though they soon will, patients should not have a legal right to see their medical records. As a doctor, I see two reasons for this. First, giving them access will be time-wasting because it will significantly reduce the amount of time that medical staff can spend on more important duties, by forcing them to retrieve and return files. Second, if my experience is anything to go by, no patients are going to ask for access to their records anyway.”
12Which one of the following, if true, establishes that the doctor’s second reason does not cancel out the first?
(A) The new law will require that doctors, when seeing a patient in their office, must be ready to produce the patient’s records immediately, not just ready to retrieve them.
(B) The task of retrieving and returning files would fall to the lowest-paid member of a doctor’s office staff.
(C) Any patients who asked to see their medical records would also insist on having details they did not understand explained to them.
(D) The new law does not rule out that doctors may charge patients for extra expenses incurred specifically in order to comply with the new law.
(E) Some doctors have all allowing their patients access to their medical records, but those doctors’ patients took no advantage of this policy.
(A)

这道题也是没有读懂题目，什么叫做医生的第一个理由不能抵消第二个理由？埃，弱阿弱阿，牛人快来指教。

4. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By contrast. of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of people is tested for cocaine use. the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine.
A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument
(A) attempts to infer a value judgment from purely factual premises.
(B) attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population.
(C) fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine.
(D) ignores the fact that some cocaine users do not test positive.
(E) advocates testing people for cocaine use when there is no reason to suspect that they have used cocaine.
（E）
这道题我斗胆怀疑是答案错了，我选是B，各位以为那？

prince · 发表于 2003-8-5 12:41:00

23) 选C.我的解释意思就是不同比例使用cocaine和不使用cocaine混合在一起会得出不同的比例（也就是结果）。这就是作者的错误。也是C所表达的。
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对于逻辑错误平行的题。如果不是考LSAT可以不管了。如果非要做，要注意一些原则：结构基本相似（主要词基本一致。只有这有这样才能节约时间）......
1 illogical......incorrect .A)donor.....volunteers.
2 我觉得B更好些。A后半句更象一个判断。B后半句说明一个事物的不利（仔细体会一下）
3 也许可以ignore 这道题

doris_tt · 发表于 2003-8-5 17:38:00

唉，谢谢prince的耐心解答。
我笨，我笨，我实在是笨。
不好意思，我明白prince中文解释的最后一道题，可是觉得c答案根这个解释不太一样
能不能说一下c答案的中文意思。我理解的中文意思是：没有考虑总人口中哪一部分吸食可卡因。或者是：没有考虑总人口中有多少比例吸食可卡因。
哎呀，谢谢prince拉，再醍醐灌顶一下小妹把。

rogersun · 发表于 2003-8-7 06:51:00

To Doris-tt,

it is very clear that the answer to question 23 is C. you should read the conclusion one more time. in the conclusion, the author mentioned that using this method, 'the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine'. suppose that in the population, if only 1% people are using cocaine. when you test 100 people, you will get 5 positive, but actually only one person is positive. therfore, the conclusion should be 'the vast majority of those who test positive will NOT be people who have used cocaine' . the author' argument only fit the high percentage of cocaine users.

doris_tt · 发表于 2003-8-7 07:10:00

真正醍醐灌顶！！！！！！！！！！
万分感谢！！！！！

windychen0089 · 发表于 2010-11-13 10:57:50

"suppose that in the population, if only 1% people are using cocaine. when you test 100 people, you will get 5 positive, but actually only one person is positive. therfore, the conclusion should be 'the vast majority of those who test positive will NOT be people who have used cocaine' ."
我觉得这个例子举得不对，本身存在矛盾性。因为正如这例子中讲的１００中5个是POSITIVE，那么９５个是NEGATIVE(95>5), 所以就不存在'the vast majority of those who test positive' , 而是'the vast majority of those who test NEGATIVE', 也就和原来的题目无关了。还是那个体温的例子比较好理解。

windychen0089 · 发表于 2010-11-13 11:40:00

继续，我觉得作者所犯的错误是做结论前，早已做了一个假设，就是＂THE VAST MAJORTITY OF THOSE WHO ARE POSITIVE＂是从GROUP ２中的POSITVE（９９％的概率）来的，而非从GROUP １中来的（５％的概率）。举个例子，如果这个随机抽样的人共２０８个，里面没有吸药品的是２００个人，那么有吸药品的就是８个人，结果按照前面讲的两种概率发生，即在没有吸药的人中有１９８*５％＝１０个POSITIVE的，在有吸药的人中８*９９％＝８个左右，显然，作者的结论是不对的。因为这个例子中证明的the vast majority of those who test positive will be people THOSE WHO HAVE NOT USED COCAINE。 C是正确答案。

请教数道lsat题目，谢谢。

请教数道lsat题目，谢谢。

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