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TOEFL 2014.Sep.14
14号在江西南昌江西财经大学麦卢园考的，前几天学校里上课没来得及及时写。现在大致写了些儿，如果有空再改了。
Reading
Passage Child Play
Children's play has different stages, from sucking on toys.
Pretend play can help children with communication skills and to deal with pressure.
Passage 2: Earth interior structure
Crust; upper mantel; mantel; core.
There are several methods to study the interior structure of the earth. Simulation in the lab. Other methods like studying the cosmetic wave.
Passage 3: ASL studies of chimpanzee
Previous scientist spent more eighteen months to teach chimpanzees to use gesture to explain language by surrounding the chimpanzee with daft children who were also to learn these gestures. The chimpanzee succeeded in using two words water and bird to describe a swan.
Later scholars used the same method. The same result had been achieved, but further studies showed that chimpanzee couldn't form a sentence. Although it used more than two words, the additional word didn't add new information. And it stopped when it got what it wanted.
Listening
When I saw the instruction that there be three sections in this listening part at the beginning of the listening part, I knew that there is going to be an additional test. Not to my surprise, this additional test happens to be the one I have met in the last two TOEFL tests.
Please note that the sequence of lectures in the first two sections may not be precise.
Section 1
Conversation 1:
Girl: I have received your email. (Question: why does the girl go to see the professor?)
Professor: I am glad that you come. Where are the rest members of your group?
Girl: they are doing something at the library? (Question: why are not the rest of the group coming?)
Professor: there might be a problem in your research.
Girl: but I thought you were interesting in our topic.
Professor: yeah, but it was before I saw the detail of your research. You will observe the students in the library, and students will be aware that you are observing them, right?
Girl: yeah.
Professor: there might be presence effect. There is a famous Hawthorne experiment conducted in Hawthorne plant. It was intended to study how light affected the efficiency of the workers. (Question: why does the professor mention the light in the plant?) The experiment was a failure, because whether it was lighter or dimer, the efficiency of workers produced more products in the same time. Then people started to wonder why. They noticed that it was because workers in lighter or dimer environment were told that they were observed, so there was presence effect.
Girl: oh, I see.
Professor: but I don’t want you to start your research again. You just need to make some modification to your experiment.
Lecture 1:
Movies in America help to diminish the boundaries between different social classes and ethics. There was a version of leisure activities called F. It involved silent motion pictures. It was an entertainment for all people. Family could take their children. Their children wouldn't disrupt other audience even when they run around and scream, because the motion pictures had no sounds. And new immigrants who spoke different languages could enjoy them. Later on, another kind of movie appeared referred to as G. It had sounds.
Lecture 2:
Today, we will learn the term key specie. When we build a house, we need to lay a foundation of it. A key specie serve as the same function, which lays the foundation of a ecosystem. For example, sea otter is a key specie. Se otter preys on N. (Question: what do sea otter eat?) When people overfish sea otter, there will more and more N. N competes with other species and eats another species. The increasing number of N will harm the entire ecosystem.
Other examples about key species. Beaver break down trees and let trunk on the river. African elephants eat leaves. They also break down trees and creat open areas in forests, which benefits other species in the ecosystem. However, it doesn't benefit the elephant itself, because its food leaves is not abundant in open area like grassland. So key species don't only benefit itself but also other species in the ecosystem.
Section 2
Conversation:
Boy: you see this page is missing.
Librarian: yeah.
Boy: and I really need it for my thesis. My thesis will be due in several weeks.
Librarian: what's the topic of your thesis?
Boy: em, it's XXX.
Librarian: XXX?
Boy: yeah, it is kind of obscure. (Why does the boy say this?) It's about the recession in 1874. ( I can't remember the year clearly. Let's assume it's right.) There are plenty of books about the depression, but few are about how ordinary people live and react to the depression. The life of ordinary people is also important.
Librarian: you could ask for a library transform. Let me see ere are copies in other library. Oh, there is one at New York.
Boy: I know that one. But it will take more than a week to send it here. (Question: why can't the copy in New York be ordered?)
Librarian: I know. I have a friend at that library. I can convince her to make a copy of that page and fax it.
Boy: oh, it's really nice of you. Thank you!
Librarian: no problem. I will send her an email.
Lecture 3
This lecture is mainly about how the water on earth comes from. The sun galaxy comes from an explosion, and the planets are very hot at the beginning. So it was impossible for water to exist on earth. The water on the earth may come from comets. In contrast, the water on the earth can also come from asteroids. Some evidences show that asteroids also contain water. Some places on the earth show that there was a strike of an asteroid which may bring water to earth. The components of the ocean on the earth is similar to that of the asteroid.
An alternative theory explains that the earth may have cooled down earlier than we thought before. So the water may have existed on earth.
Lecture 4
Verifying a famous person's work can be difficult. Sometimes a same word can have many different versions. For example, even Shakespeare has more than one spellings. A person named Ireland claimed that he during collecting documents for a wealthy person found out plays written by Shakespeare. It's because he didn't provide the name of who he had been working for. However, some people tended to believe him because his father was a respected book dealer. When the play was performed, audience burst into laughters. The chief actor said his bad performance was corresponding to the bad play script. (Question: why did the audience laugh when seeing that play?) Eventually, it turned out that Ireland was lying. Later on, he wrote a book to tell his story. He probably wanted to impress his father by showing that he could fool so many experts around.
Section 3: Classical Additional Test
Conversation 3:
Bird migration
Lecture 5: Botany
Plant classification: Rafflesia
Lecture 6: Music History
Ragtime music
Speaking
Lessons: for integrated tasks, you can't go through all information which have been talked about again. You need to choose key information and maybe state it with your own language.
Task 1
Describe how you met one of your friends and how you became friends.
My response:
I met one of my friends at the commencement party of my university. I started to talk about out daily life and studies. He was really excellent, and I really admired him. He told me that he had won the first prize scholarship for continuous three years. As time went by, we became closer and closer.
Task 2
Some people prefer to take detailed notes during classes. And some others try to focus on what the teacher talk about. Which way do you prefer? And explain why.
My response:
Personally speaking, I prefer to take detailed notes when I listen to teachers in class. First, by taking notes, it can help me to memorize the material teacher talked about better. Second, by reviewing the notes after class, I can memorize the contents of the class better. Last but not least, during final exams, notes can remind me of the contents of the class.
Self-valuation for tasks of familiar topics: fair/3.
Task 3
The proposal suggests the university to add kitchens to students' dorms. Now there are lounge or public place in each dorm. These places can be converted into kitchens. Now students can only at dining hall. If there are kitchens in dorms, students can cook, eat there, and improve their cooking skills.
My response:
The proposal suggests the university to add kitchen to student's dorm. There are lounge and public places which can be converted into kitchens. And students may have chance to cook and improve their cooking skills. But the man casts doubt on two reasons completely. First, students need public places and lounge to relax and socialize. Second, students will not use the kitchen to cook and improving their cooking skills because they are very busy. ( because they have many courses)
Task 4: False signaling
My response:
False signaling refers to the behavior where predators use false signaling, like chemicals, to attract preys and catch prey. The lecturer use a (an) example to illustrate this phenomena. A spider will use false signals to attract male moths. Male moths will think it’s female moths. When male moth fly (flies) into the net of the spider, the spider will catch the male moth.
Task 5
Listening conversation: the girl rides bike to class every day, but she lives on the fourth floor. So she has to carry her bike to go up to fourth floor every day. So she decides to switch her room with another girl who lives on the first floor, but it will still be another month. And one of her friends lives on the first floor and offers that she could put her bike at her place during night. But she and her friends have very different schedules. She gets up early, while her friend sometimes gets up at 9 or 10 am. She can also chain her bike at the bike step. But the bike will be exposed to rains and winds. Her bike is new. She doesn’t want her bike to be rusty.
My response:
The girl rides bike to class every day but she live on the fourth floor. She has no place to put her bike for the next month. And she got two options. She can either put her bike at her friend’s place who live (lives) on the first floor, or chain her bike at the bike step. I suggest her to chain her bike at the bike step. By this way, she doesn’t have to bother her friends since they have very different schedules. And it’s only one month, the bike won’t be damaged very much.
Task 6
Non-profit organization is an organization who doesn’t seek for making profit. It aims at improving the community. There are two ways how it does this. The first is advocacy.
My response:
There are two approaches for non-profit organizations to improve the community. First is advocacy. For example, if non-profit organizations want to build a playground for the community. It will arise (rise) the public awareness of the importance of building a playground and motive the people, like advertising on newspaper and video. Second, it will do it directly. For example (also take building a playground as an example), it will (raise the money and) build the playground directly.
Self-valuation for tasks of campus life: fair/3.
Self-valuation for tasks of academic topics: fair/3.
Writing
Integrated Writing: Agricultural Subsidiary
The reading passage states that agricultural subsidiary is good and gives three reasons. However, the lecturer casts doubt on all the three points suggested by the author of the reading material.
First, the reading material states that the surpluses will be bought by the government and be sold to poorer country at low price. It can help those undeveloped countries. However, the speaker casts doubt on this point. Since domestic agricultural products in poorer countries can’t compete with these low-price foods, it will hurt the development of domestic agriculture in poorer countries. Thus it will keep domestic agricultural development in poorer countries from being independent in the long run, although it may seem to help poorer countries in the short run.
Second, the reading material conceives that consumer can benefit from the lower prices. The lecturer refutes the points by stating that the agricultural subsidiary comes from the government because government uses tax payers’ money to pay for it. Thus, consumers benefit from a little lower prices, but they pay more tax.
Third, the reading passage states that there will be more jobs due to agricultural subsidiary. According the speaker, however agricultural subsidiary is only for specific type of agricultural products like corn which requires large farms. While large farms don’t require large human power, small farms do.
Independent Writing:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.
Young school children (four or five years old) should be required to take music and art courses other than academic courses like math, history and something.
My response:
From my perspective, young school children should be required to take music and art courses.
First and foremost, society calls for well-rounded students nowadays, while schools used to emphasize on academic performance.
In addition, only by requiring students to take art and music courses before five years old, can we find talented genus who have a gift for art and music. Many renowed (renowned) musicians, such as Mozart, start to perform instruments at a very young age.
Furthermore, requiring young school students to attend music and art courses can benefit the students in the long run, although music and art don’t seem to be practical in the short run.
Last but not least, requiring young school students to study art and music can benefit not only the children themselves but also the entire society.
Final Words
When I wrote this, I also referred to some materials on the internet. Thanks to tremendous warm-hearted online friends, I could finish this review. There is also an interesting phenomenon that I have noticed. People tend to remember the speaking and writing parts more clearly than they do the reading and listening parts. My explanation for this phenomenon is that the expressing process of speaking and writing parts help us to make these contents more impressed in our memory.
Thank you for reading this! Wish you all the best! Alles Gute!
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发表于 2014-9-17 21:12:40
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