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这篇文章太神奇了，文章和问题都明白了，但是不明白选项是来搞什么的，感觉和文章和问题都没什么关系的。
请教大N赐教。本人的困惑是 121、123 、124、127。问题我都标红了，感谢大家！
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the
modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange
maintenance work and workers is a solid
contribution to a debate that encompasses two
lively issues in the history and sociology of
technology: technological determinism and social
constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a
technology have a decisive infl uence on job skills
and work organization. Put more strongly,
technology can be a primary determinant of social
and managerial organization. Clark believes this
possibility has been obscured by the recent
sociological fashion, exemplifi ed by Braverman’s
analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery
refl ects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of
a technological system is subordinate to the
manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor
process from the workers. Technological change is
construed as the outcome of negotiations among
interested parties who seek to incorporate their own
interests into the design and confi guration of the
machinery. This position represents the new
mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by
misrepresenting technological determinism:
technological determinists are supposed to believe,
for example, that machinery imposes appropriate
forms of order on society. The alternative to
constructivism, in other words, is to view technology
as existing outside society, capable of directly
infl uencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists
by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
Theoretically he defi nes “technology” in terms of
relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to
cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is
just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
supported by appropriate systems of operation and
maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how
a change at the telephone exchange from
maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches
to semielectronic switching systems altered work
tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration,
and organization of workers. Some changes Clark
attributes to the particular way management and
labor unions negotiated the introduction of the
technology, whereas others are seen as arising from
the capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is
social choice decisive and when are the concrete
characteristics of technology more important?”
121. Which of the following statements about the
modernization of the telephone exchange is supported
by information in the passage?(问的这点在文章中就一句话，OG后面的解释就是看了一片突然就得出这个结论了，觉得很无厘头)
(A) The new technology reduced the role of
managers in labor negotiations.
(B) The modernization was implemented without the
consent of the employees directly affected by it.
(C) The modernization had an impact that went
signifi cantly beyond maintenance routines.
(D) Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized
by the new technology.
(E) The modernization gave credence to the view of
advocates of social constructivism.
123. The information in the passage suggests that which of
the following statements from hypothetical
sociological studies of change in industry most clearly
exemplifi es the social constructivists’ version of
technological determinism?（OG的解释是constructists....as existing outside society, caplble of directly influencing skill and work organization, 但是文章的原话是 the alternative to constructists......as existing outside society, caplble of directly influencing skill and work organization 为什么啊，这不矛盾了嘛）
(A) It is the available technology that determines
workers’ skills, rather than workers’ skills
infl uencing the application of technology.
(B) All progress in industrial technology grows out
of a continuing negotiation between
technological possibility and human need.
(C) Some organizational change is caused by
people; some is caused by computer chips.
(D) Most major technological advances in industry
have been generated through research and
development.
(E) Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but
educated workers can create whole new skills
areas by the adaptation of the technology.
124. The information in the passage suggests that Clark
believes that which of the following would be true if
social constructivism had not gained widespread
acceptance?（不明白问题中这个if从句表示什么，widespread acceptance在文章中找不到重现和相关啊，啥意思？？ ）
(A) Businesses would be more likely to modernize
without considering the social consequences of
their actions.
(B) There would be greater understanding of the
role played by technology in producing social
change.
(C) Businesses would be less likely to understand
the attitudes of employees affected by
modernization.
(D) Modernization would have occurred at a slower
rate.
(E) Technology would have played a greater part in
determining the role of business in society.
127. Which of the following statements about Clark’s study
of the telephone exchange can be inferred from
information in the passage?（看不出来选项是怎么找出来的，对应的文章中的原话和问题没关系啊。。）
(A) Clark’s reason for undertaking the study was to
undermine Braverman’s analysis of the function
of technology.
(B) Clark’s study suggests that the implementation
of technology should be discussed in the context
of confl ict between labor and management.
(C) Clark examined the impact of changes in the
technology of switching at the exchange in
terms of overall operations and organization.
(D) Clark concluded that the implementation of new
switching technology was equally benefi cial to
management and labor.
(E) Clark’s analysis of the change in switching
systems applies only narrowly to the situation at
the particular exchange that he studied. |
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发表于 2009-11-22 21:06:47
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