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报道.加上信息一条Social Entrepreneur
非常高兴看到这样一个对非营利组织感兴趣的论坛。我自己作为一个生物在读博士也非常喜欢将其作为自己的一个职业规划的可能性之一。
我感觉如果想做一些non-profit的活动，感觉不一定要去NGO.我也是最近发现另外一种方式。Social Entrepreneur.以下信息来自wikipedia。希望对大家有些徐启发。
Social entrepreneurship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Social entrepreneurship is the work of a social entrepreneur. A social
entrepreneur is someone who recognizes a social problem and uses
entrepreneurial principles to organize, create, and manage a venture to
make social change. Whereas a business entrepreneur typically measures
performance in profit and return, a social entrepreneur assesses
success in terms of the impact s/he has on society. While social
entrepreneurs often work through nonprofits and citizen groups, many
work in the private and governmental sectors.
The main aim of a social entrepreneurship as well as social enterprise
is to further social and environmental goals. Although social
entrepreneurs are often non-profits, this need not be incompatible with
making a profit. Social enterprises are for ‘more-than-profit,’ using
blended value business models that combine a revenue-generating
business with a social-value-generating structure or component.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
* 2 Current practice
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
* 6 External links
o 6.1 Publications/Media
+ 6.1.1 Documentary film
o 6.2 Articles
o 6.3 Organizations
[edit] History
The terms social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship were first
used in the literature on social change in the 1960 and 1970s [1]. It
came into widespread use in the 1980s and 1990s, promoted by Bill
Drayton the founder of Ashoka: Innovators for the Public, [2], and
others such as Charles Leadbeater [3]. From the 1950s to the 1990s
Michael Young was a leading promoter of social enterprise and in the
1980s was described by Professor Daniel Bell at Harvard as 'the world's
most successful entrepreneur of social enterprises' because of his role
in creating over 60 new organizations worldwide, including a series of
Schools for Social Entrepreneurs in the UK. Another British social
entrepreneur is Lord Mawson OBE. Andrew Mawson was given a peerage in
2007 because of his pioneering regeneration work. This includes the
creation of the renowned Bromley by Bow Centre in East London. He has
recorded these experiences in his book "The Social Entrepreneur: Making
Communities Work" [4] and currently runs Andrew Mawson Partnerships to
help promote his regeneration work [5].
Although the terms are relatively new, social entrepreneurs and social
entrepreneurship can be found throughout history. A list of a few
historically noteworthy people whose work exemplifies classic "social
entrepreneurship" might include Florence Nightingale (founder of the
first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices), Robert
Owen (founder of the cooperative movement) and Vinoba Bhave (founder of
India's Land Gift Movement). During the 19th and 20th centuries some of
the most successful social entrepreneurs successfully straddled the
civic, governmental and business worlds - promoting ideas that were
taken up by mainstream public services in welfare, schools and
healthcare.
[edit] Current practice
One well known contemporary social entrepreneur is Muhammad Yunus,
founder and manager of Grameen Bank and its growing family of social
venture businesses, who was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.[6] The
work of Yunus and Grameen echoes a theme among modern day social
entrepreneurs that emphasizes the enormous synergies and benefits when
business principles are unified with social ventures. [7] In some
countries - including Bangladesh and to a lesser extent the USA -
social entrepreneurs have filled the spaces left by a relatively small
state. In other countries - particularly in Europe and South America -
they have tended to work more closely with public organizations at both
the national and local level.
In the UK in 2002 seven leading not for profit organisations
established UnLtd - The Foundation for Social Entrepreneurs. It holds a
£100 million endowment especially to invest in social entrepreneurs in
the UK. UnLtd provides individuals with cash awards and practical
support that includes coaching, training and networking opportunities
to help develop community projects. UnLtd Ventures is the in-house
consultancy division of UnLtd and focuses on a number of outstanding
social entrepreneurs, providing them with business support and helping
them to scale up or replicate their organisations or get investment
ready. Another of their operations, UnLtd Research, is fast becoming
the world's primary source of evidence and thinking around Social
Entrepreneurship. Its central purpose is to lead the global business,
public policy and academic debates about the role of Social
Entrepreneurship in community regeneration, employment and growth
strategies.
The Social Enterprise Coalition (SEC) is another coalition in the UK
which represents a wide range of social enterprises, regional and
national support networks and other related organisations.[8]
The George Foundation's Women's Empowerment program empowers women by
providing education, cooperative farming, vocational training, savings
plan, and business development. In 2006 the cooperative farming
program, Baldev Farms, was the second largest banana grower in South
India with 250 acres (1.0 km2) under cultivation.[9] Profits from the
farm are used for improving the economic status of the workers and for
running the other charitable activities of the foundation.[9]
By Stupid Common Man is a volunteer online association of Business
professionals from various Industries for revival of sick industries in
Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh is the biggest producer of entrepreneurs
in India but also has the largest history of entrepreneurial failure.
This is an open forum with free membership and seeks the participation
of a broader intellectual population. This is a unique social
entrepreneurial initiative for a noble cause.
Some have created for profit organizations. A recent example is Vikram
Akula founder CEO of SKS Microfinance, the McKinsey alumnus who started
a microlending venture in villages of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
Though this venture is for profit, it has initiated a sharp social
change amongst poor women from villages.
There are continuing arguments over precisely who counts as a social
entrepreneur. Some have advocated restricting the term to founders of
organizations that primarily rely on earned income – meaning income
earned directly from paying consumers. Others have extended this to
include contracted work for public authorities, while others still
include grants and donations. This argument is unlikely to be resolved
soon. Peter Drucker, for example, once wrote that there was nothing as
entrepreneurial as creating a new university: yet in most developed
countries the majority of university funding comes from the state.
Today, nonprofits and non-governmental organizations, foundations,
governments and individuals promote, fund, and advise social
entrepreneurs around the planet. A growing number of colleges and
universities are establishing programs focused on educating and
training social entrepreneurs.
Organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public, the Skoll
Foundation, the Omidyar Network, the Schwab Foundation for Social
Entrepreneurship, Root Cause, the Canadian Social Entrepreneurship
Foundation, New Profit Inc. and Echoing Green among others, focus on
highlighting these hidden change-makers who are scattered across the
globe. Ashoka's Changemakers "open sourcing social solutions"
initiative Changemakers uses an online platform for what it calls
collaborative competitions to build communities of practice around
pressing issues. The North American organizations tend to have a
strongly individualistic stance focused on a handful of exceptional
leaders, while others in Asia and Europe emphasize more how social
entrepreneurs work within teams, networks and movements for change.
Youth social entrepreneurship is an increasingly common approach to
engaging youth voice in solving social problems. Youth organizations
and programs promote these efforts through a variety of incentives to
young people.[10] One such program is Young Social Pioneers, which
invests in the power and promise of Australia's young leaders. The
program, which is an initiative of The Foundation for Young
Australians, strengthens, supports and celebrates the role of young
people in creating positive change in their communities.
Fast Company Magazine annually publishes a list of the 25 best social
entrepreneurs, which the magazine defines as organizations "using the
disciplines of the corporate world to tackle daunting social
problems."[11]
[edit] See also
* Collaboration
* Collaborative method
* List of social entrepreneurs
* Social business
* Social enterprise
* Social innovation
* Sustainopreneurship
* Social Venture Capital
* Impact maximization
* Geotourism
* Appropriate technology
[edit] References
1. ^ For example, the phrase was used as a description of Robert
Owen in J Banks, The Sociology of Social Movements, London, MacMillan,
1972
2. ^ "The Social Entrepreneur Bill Drayton". US News & World
Report. 2005-10-31.
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31drayton.htm.
Retrieved on 2006-11-03.
3. ^ 'The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, Demos, London, 1996
4. ^ http://www.amazon.co.uk/Social-Entrepreneur-Making-Communities-Work/dp/1843546612
5. ^ http://amawsonpartnerships.com/cms/
6. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2006". Nobel Foundation. 2006.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/. Retrieved on
2006-11-02.
7. ^ "Business-Social Ventures Reaching for Major Impact".
Changemakers. 11-2003.
http://www.changemakers.net/journal/03november/index.cfm. Retrieved on
2006-11-03.
8. ^ Social entrepreneurs: Green and good
9. ^ a b Marianne Bray, For Rural Women, Land Means Hope, CNN.com, 2005-10-03. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
10. ^ Sheila Kinkade, Christina Macy, Our Time Is Now: Young People Changing the World, ISBN 0977231909
11. ^ "25 Entrepreneurs who are changing the world". http://www.fastcompany.com/social/. Retrieved on 2006-10-15.
[edit] Further reading
* David Bornstein, How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs
and the Power of New Ideas, Oxford University Press (and others) ISBN
0-19-513805-8
* Charles Leadbeater, The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, Demos, 1996
* Joanna Mair, Jeffrey Robinson, and Kai Hockerts, Social Entrepreneurship, Palgrave, 2006. ISBN 1403996644
* Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M. 2006. Social Entrepreneurship: A
Critical Review of the Concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1): 56-65.
* John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan, The Power of Unreasonable
People: How Entrepreneurs Creates Markets to Change the World, Harvard
Business Press, 2008
[edit] External links
Sister project Wikiversity has learning materials about social entrepreneurship at:
Portal:Social entrepreneurship
Sister project Wikiversity has learning materials about Appropriate technology Designs
This article's external links may not follow Wikipedia's content
policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing
excessive or inappropriate external links. (February 2009)
[edit] Publications/Media
* Uncommon Heroes: Short film series profiling social entrepreneurs, Skoll Foundation
* Innovations: Technology|Governance|Globalization, MIT Press
* Social Enterprise Reporter [1] - Innovative Business Solutions for Social Entrepreneurs
* A Developed World [2] : An online social publication that is
telling stories of social entrepreneurs from around the world.
* Can the World Change? Perspectives on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation
[edit] Documentary film
* Social Entrepreneurship Series: A film series profiling the
global greats of social entrepreneurship, Ashoka: Innovators for the
Public
* The New Heroes, PBS series profiling various individuals and projects in different market sectors around the world
* Frontline/World Social Entrepreneurs Stories, PBS Frontline/World online series on social entrepreneurs
[edit] Articles
* Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition, Sally Osberg and Roger Martin
* Everyone a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship's Ultimate Goal, Bill Drayton
* The Importance of Social Entrepreneurship for Development, Jürgen Nagler
* Enterprising Social Innovation: the most intriguing form of social entrepreneurship, Greg Dees and Beth Anderson
[edit] Organizations
* ClearlySo
* The Laurel Centre for Social Entrepreneurship
* International Network of Social Entrepreneurs
* Social Entrepreneurship for revival of Sick Industries in India
* Root Cause
* Young Social Pioneers
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